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Arabs
Semitic speaking people from southwestern Asia
Bedouin Arabs
nomadic people from northern part of Arabian Peninsula
organized into tribes
Sheikh
leader of an Arab tribe
Majlis
Council of elders of a Bedouin tribe that selected the sheikh
Allah
Supreme God that presided over a community of spirits
Ka'aba
Central shrine in the commercial city of Mecca that houses a gigantic black meteorite
Islam
"submission to the will of Allah"
Qur'an
holy scriptures of Islam which means "recitation"
Umma
The community of all Muslims
5 Pillars of Islam
monotheism = belief in Allah
Prayer 5x a day facing Mecca
Hajj = Pilgrimage to Mecca once in lifetime
Fasting during Ramadan (Holy Month)
Zakat = giving to the poor
Astrolabe, Armillary Sphere
Used to study the skies and make calculations for their calendars and maps
Shari'a
Law code that provides believers with a set of prescriptions to regulate life
formed by Ulama and Hadith was used to create it
Jihad
used to describe the process of expanding Islam
"Holy War" or "Striving in the way of the Lord"
Caliph
Temporal leader of the Islamic community
Imam
A religious leader of the Islamic community
Razzaia
to defeat his enemies and expand the authority of Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula
"raids"
Umayyad Dynasty
An Islamic Dynasty based on succession rather than election following the first period of caliphates
capital in Damascus, 650-750
Abbasid Dynasty
dynasty that was formed after the Umayyad's
capital in Baghdad, 750-1250
Baghdad
Capital of Abbasid dynasty, present day Iraq
Damascus
Capital of Umayyad Dynasty, present day Syria
Ulama
a panel of Muslim scholars who created the Shari'a law
Hadith
A collection of the sayings and deeds of Muhammad
Hijab
a headscarf worn by Muslim women
Burka
Muslim garment women would wear over their entire body
Sunni
90% of Muslims who accepted Abu Bakr as first Caliph
Shi'ite
10% of Muslims who accepted Ali as caliph
1453
Year that the Ottomans captured Constantinople and put an end to the Byzantine Empire.
single creator god, monotheistic, in Africa
pantheism
leader of Mali, goes on Hajj, spreads islam throughout Africa
mansa musa
deals with buddhism, not a salvationist creator, do not believe in the divinity of buddhism, way of life/philosophy
Theravada
obtain the essence of Buddha Hood, but you stay on earth to help others
bodhisattva
personal worship
puja
through trade and conquest, after Muhammed's death, equality amongst all believers is a big selling part
islamic expansion
where islamic expansion was stopped in Europe by Charles Martel
battle of tours
founder of Islam, angel Gabriel comes and talks to him with the revelations that become the Quar'an
Muhammed
Muhammed's flight from Mecca to Medina, first day of Islamic calendar
Hegira
caliph
sunni and shia split over
Abu Bakr
who do the sunni support
Ali
who do the Shia support
sacred scripture, revelations
Quaran
Arab nomads on camels
Bedouin's
Arab Muslims-Non Arab Muslims-Non Muslims
social rankings in Islamic Empire
Practice of keeping women in seclusion
Purdah
combination of hinduism and islam, founded by Nanak
sikh
Structure of African society based on family ancestors
Lineage group
Describe the Sui dynasty
Wendi, Yangdi and Yangjian were rulers, Yanjian was the founder, created legal reforms woodblock printing, reunified china, used buddhism and daoism
Describe the Tang Dynasty
Zuanzong, Goosing and Tailing were the leaders, tailing is the founder and leads them into the golden age, medicine and scientific advancements, created gunpowder and stoves, trade, expanded military, bureaucratic policies, confucianism
Describe the Song Dynasty
Zhou Le and Wuzhao were the emperors, controlled vital areas of the Great Wall, Created a test for military leaders, confucianism
what were the Chinese naval expeditions
Voyages of Zheng He
what was foot binding
Tight wrapping of foot to make feet smaller which was a sign of wealth and status
Who was Genghis Khan?
Mongol leader that created the largest empire in the world
Who was Kublai Khan?
Genghis Khan's grandson and founder of the Yuan Dynasty
What is Confucianism?
A set of beliefs that improve your way of life that improves society and the government
What is Neo-Confucianism?
blending Confucianism and Buddhism
What were Khanates?
each empire was split into 4 parts and each was ruled by a khanates
What is Manichaeism?
a religious tradition born in third-century Persia that combined elements of Zoroastrian, Christian and Buddhist practices
what is a school of mind
Wang Yangming idea that the mind and universe were a single unit.
what is supreme ultimate
A transcendent (Other) world in which humans aspire to live in, yin and yang
What is the shogunate system?
hereditary military dictatorship passed down through generations
what is a samurai
Japanese warrior, used as personal security
What is Shinto?
The traditional religion of Japan, way of god, everything has a soul
describe the ming dynasty
extended rule to India, Persian Gulf and East coast of Africa, built up the Great Wall, trade, high economy
Consuls
chief executives elected to run the government in ancient Rome, two of them
Praetors
government officials who interpret the law and serve as judges
Senate
A group of 300 men elected to govern Rome in the Roman Republic.
Centuriate Assembly
the chief popular assembly of the Roman Republic. It passed laws and elected the chief magistrates.
Tribunes of the Plebeians
Spoke for the plebeians and could veto actions of the Senate. The council of Plebs made laws for all plebeians.
Carthage
City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.
Punic Wars
A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.
Hannibal
Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.
Battle of Zama
the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War
Roman Army
legions-basic unit of 4500 to 6000 soldiers. loyal, well-trained, disciplined, highly organized
Etruscans
A people who inhabited early italy
Livy
Roman historian whose history of Rome filled 142 volumes (of which only 35 survive) including the earliest history of the war with Hannibal (59 BC to AD 17)
Roman Confederation
A system of rule where Romans gave full citizenship to some conquered peoples.
how was Rome's geography
middle of world, in Mediterranean sea, natural barriers in north
What is natural law?
universal set of laws, 12 tables, law of nations
What were the Punic Wars?
Series of wars between Rome and Carthage
who was Julius Caesar
Dictator of Rome
what did Julius Caesar do for Rome
enlarged the Senate to 900 people, decreased Rome's debt, took land from the rich and gave it to the poor, increased soldier's pay, assassinated
What is a latifundia?
large farming estates ran by slaves
who are Romulus and Remus
twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess who are said to be the founders of Rome, fourth each other and Romulus won
what is the republic made up of
senate, 2 consuls, laws,
wat is a triumvirate
three people hold power
who are the patricians
wealthy families descended from earliest romans. The elders met in a council called the senate.
what were plebeians
common people
what is Pax Romana
the peace that existed between nationalities within the Roman Empire, 27 BC to 180 CE
who was Augustus
First emperor of Rome, Octavian, emperor during Pax Romana
who were Antonius and Gracchi
had the idea to take land from the rich and give it to the poor, they were killed for this
Who was Constantine?
Roman emperor; made christianity legal; moved capital to Byzantium (later called Constantinople), split empire in two
who was Diocletian
A strong-willed army leader who became the new emperor. He split the empire and fixed prices on goods to maintain Rome for longer.
Who was Cincinnatus?
A dictator who served for 16 days, was a farmer and became leader for war
what was the decline of Rome
invaded, inflation, plague, military losses
similarities between Han dynasty and Rome
both imperialistic, both defended their land by fighting
what were the contributions of Rome
enate, republic, roads, architecture, christianity
What were the Twelve Tables?
Rome's first written laws, all could see, similar to Hammurabi's code
What was the Byzantine Empire?
The continuation of the eastern half of the Roman Empire
who was Justinian
Justinian was one of the greatest Byzantine emperors whose rule began in 527, created Justinian's code
What did Justinian build?
Hagia Sophia, hippodrome
Who was Theodora?
Justinian's wife, spoke out, passed divorce laws, advocates for women
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