AP Psychology Review - Terms

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406 Terms

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removal or destruction of brain tissue in a surgical procedure
ablation
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intensity level at which one can detect a stimulus 50% of the time
absolute threshold
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the process of modifying a schema to account for new information; the process of the eyes lens changing shape in order to focus on distant or near objects
accommodation
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a neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory and muscle movement
acetylcholine (ACh)
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desire for accomplishment, mastery of people, ideas, things, desire for reaching a high standard
need for achievement
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a test that assesses what one has learned
achievement test
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a process in classical conditioning by which the association of a neutral stimulus with a natural stimulus is first established
acquisition
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the electrical process by which information is transmitted the length of an axon
action potential
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the idea that dreams are the result of the cerebral cortex interpreting and organizing random flashes of brain activity, originating in the lower brain structures, especially the pons
activation synthesis
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source of the hormone norepinephrine which affects arousal
adrenal gland
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category of mental disorders characterized by disturbances in mood and emotion
mood disorders
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desire to associate with others, to be part of a group, to form close and intimate relationships
need for affiliation
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an image that remains after a stimulus is removed, especially one in which the colors are reversed
after image
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drugs which mimic the activity of neurotransmitters
agonists
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the most frequently used and abused CNS depressant in most cultures; its use affects mood, judgment, cognition
alcohol
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description of the action of neurons when firing
all-or-nothing
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seen when an individual is in a relaxed, unfocused, yet still awake state
alpha waves
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limbic system component associated with emotion, particularly fear and anger
amygdala
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Freud's pychosexual period during which a child learns to control his bodily excretions
anal stage
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an eating disorder in which one starves oneself even though significantly underweight
anorexia (nervosa)
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drug which blocks the activity of neurotransmitters
antagonist
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loss of memory for events that occur after the onset of the amnesia; eg, see in a boxer who suffers a severe blow to the head and loses memory for events after the blow
anterograde amnesia
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loss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia; eg a soldier's forgetting events immediately before a shell burst nearby, injuring him
retrograde amnesia
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psychological disorder in which one demonstrates a lack of conscience
antisocial personality disorder
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the middle of the three ossicles
anvil
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impairment of language usually caused by damage to the left hemisphere
aphasia
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condition in which the sympathetic nervous system is in control
arousal
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a subdiscipline of computer science that attempts to simulate human thinking
artificial intelligence
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interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schema
assimilation
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areas of the cerebral cortex which have no specific motor or sensory repsonsibilities, but rather are involved in thinking, memory and judgment
association areas
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learning in which an organism learns that certain events occur together, such as my cat knowing that she will be fed when I get home from work
associative learning
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theory developed by Harlow; types include secure and insecure
attachment
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a relatively enduring evaluation of a person or thing; doesn't always match behavior
attitude
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feeling of being drawn toward another and desiring the company of a person
attraction
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a way of explaining others' behavior by either one's disposition or one's situation
attribution theory
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the area that sound waves pass through to reach the eardrum
auditory canal
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style of parenting in which the parent creates strict rules for the child and the child has little or no input into determining the rules
authoritarian
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division of the nervous system that control the glands and organs; its divisions arouse or calm
autonomic nervous system
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Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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this cognitive shortcut features the idea that events which are vividly in memory seem to be more common
availability heuristic
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extension of the neuron which carries, via an action potential, information that will be sent on to other neurons, muscles or glands
axon
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stage of language development at about 4 months when an infant spontaneously utters nonsense sounds
babbling
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scientific investigations intended to expand the knowledge base
basic research
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scientific investigations intended to solve practical problems
applied research
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perspective on psychology that sees psychology as an objective science without reference to mental states
behavioral
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situation in which one's beliefs continue despite the fact that the ground for the beliefs have been discredited
belief perseverance
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openness to new experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
big 5 personality factors
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retinal disparity and convergence which enable people to determine depth using both eyes
binocular cues
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perspective that stresses links between biology and behavior
biological
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eye neurons that receive information from the retinal cells and distribute information to the ganglion cells
bipolar cells
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mood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodes
bipolar disorder
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point in the retinal where the optic nerve leaves the retina so there are no rods or cones there
blind spot
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analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works its way up to the brain's integration of sensory information
bottom-up processing
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we have two, right and left, and some brain functions seem to centered in one or the other
hemispheres
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oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells upon entering the skull; controls fundamental survival processes like heartrate and breathing
brainstem
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eating disorder characterized by excessive eating followed by purging
bulimia nervosa
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the tendency to not offer help when needed if others are present who do not offer help
bystander effect
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theory of emotion that says that a stimulus causes simultaneously psyiological arousal and the subjective experience of an emotion
Cannon-Bard
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scientific investigation in which a single subject is studied in great detail
case study
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a method of creating static images of the brain through computerized axial tomography
CAT scan
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a form of schizophrenia in which the patient has muscle immobility and does not move
catatonic
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release of aggressive energy through activity or fantasy
catharsis
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consists of the brain and the spinal cord
Central Nervous System
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brain structure that controls well-learned motor activities like riding a bike
cerebellum
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the fabric of interconnecting cells that blankets the brain hemispheres; the brain's center for information processing and control
cerebral cortex
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using operant conditioning to teach a complex response by linking together less complex skills
shaping
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organizing units of information into manageable units such as memorizing a phone number as three groups of information 248-555-1212
chunking
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the daily biological rhythms that occur in a 24-hour period
circadian rhythm
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method of learning in which a neutral stimulus can be used to elicit a response that is usually a natural response to a stimulus
classical conditioning
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developed by Carl Rogers, this humanistic therapy includes unconditional positive regard
client-centered therapy
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this type of psychologist studies, assesses and treats those with psychological disorders
clinical
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this coiled structure in the inner ear is fluid-filled and in it the energy from sound waves stimulate hair cells
cochlea
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this says that we will suffer discomfort and act to change the situation when our thoughts and actions seem to be inconsistent
cognitive dissonance theory
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perspective on psychology that stresses the importance of mental activities associated with thinking, remembering, etc
cognitive
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treatment for psychological disorders that centers on changing self-defeating thinking
cognitive therapy
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Jung's theory that we all share an inherited memory that contains our culture's most basic elements
collective unconscious
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a variety of disorders marked by inability to distinguish some or all colors
color blindness
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this adjective describes cultures in which the individual is less important than the group
collectivist
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Piaget's stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 7 - 11 years of age
concrete operations
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the extent to which two measures of the same trait or ability agree
concurrent validity
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in classical conditioning, the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
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generally, learning in which certain experiences make certain behaviors more or less likely; there are two forms of this
conditioning
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one type of hearing impairment caused by mechanical problems in the ear structures
conduction
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neurons in the retina that are responsible for color vision
cones
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a tendency to search for information that supports one's preconceptions
confirmation bias
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adjusting behavior to meet a group's standard
conformity
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extraneous factor that interferes with the action of the independent variable on the dependent variable
confounding variable
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one's awareness of one's environment and oneself.
consciousness
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includes passion, intimacy and committment
consummate love
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subjects in an experiment who do not receive application of the independent variable but are measured nonetheless for the dependent variable
control group
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a type of critical thinking in which one evaluates existing possible solutions to a problem to choose the best one
convergent thinking
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the transparent outer covering of the eye
cornea
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the fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres, enabling them to communicate
corpus callosum
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the degree of relationship between two variables
correlation
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a positive one near 1.0 indicates two variable are positively related; a negative number indicates a negative relationship; zero indicates no relationship
correlation coefficient
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type of study that measures a variable across several age groups at the same time
cross-sectional
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giving participants in a research study a complete explanation of the study after the study is completed
debriefing
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Freud's processes by which individuals express uncomfortable emotions in disguised ways
defense mechanisms
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when an individual seems to lose himself or herself in the group's identity
deindividuation
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moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings
deinstitutionalization