bio 3183 animal nutrition exam 1 concepts & terms

covers concepts and important terms from chapters 1 through 5.

animal agriculture

meat, eggs, milk, fiber

nutrition affects what aspects of life for an animal ?

• health and welfare

• emotions

• physical capability

• susceptibility to disease

• recovery from disease

• incidence/severity of chronic metabolic diseases of aging

nutrition

interrelated steps by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth, tissue repair, and replacement or elaboration of products

how is soil linked to plants and animals?

• plants provide link

  • only need inorganic elements (N, water, CO2, and solar energy)

• produce organic molecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins

nutrient

any chemical element or compound in the diet that supports normal reproduction, growth, lactations, or maintenance of life processes.

6 classes of nutrients

1. water

2. proteins/amino acids

3. carbohydrates

4. lipids

5. vitamins

6. inorganic elements

where does energy come from in nutrient classes?

fat, carbs, carbon, skeleton of amino acids

why is nutrition variable?

• no two organisms exactly alike

• environments vary

• nutrient needs vary

society & animal nutrition

animal product consumption ^ and economic status ^

• EXCEPT in wealthy countries where it plateaus

food

an edible material that provides nutrients

feed

refers to food, namely animal food

foodstuff/feedstuff

any material made into or used as food or feed, respectively

diet

mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal

ration

daily allocation of food (or feed)

plant nutrient requirements

• nitrogen

• large # of inorganic elements (CO2, sunlight)

• composition is diverse, as opposed to animals

animals

• nitrogen in form of amino acids

• fat in form of essential fatty acids

• essential mineral elements

• fat and water-soluble vitamins

amounts and proportions in animals vary by…

• type of GI tract

• age of animal

• productivity

• dietary constituents

essential nutrients

nutrients that are necessary for the body but cannot be synthesized

analytical methods

chemical procedures specific to a given element or compound

• gravimetric

• acid/base titration

• colorimetry

• chromatography

• 2d gel electrophoresis

• mass spectrophotometry

biological methods vs. chemical methods

• more expensive/tedious

• more accurate estimate of bioavailability of specific nutrients

biological availability

the proportion of an ingested nutrient that is absorbed, utiliized, and stored by the body for normal functions.

dry matter

most common practice due to variability of samples w/ water content.

crude protein

• determined by Kjeldahl method

• multiplied by 6.25

  • not efficiently utilized by nonruminants

esters

• made when hydrogen in carboxyl group replaced by hydrocarbon group

• fats & oils are part of esters

crude fiber

difference in weight prior to and after burning

nitrogen-free extract (NFE)

determines readily available carb content

ether extract

attempts to isolate the component of feed w/ high caloric content

GI tract function

• utilization of food and nutrients

• organs & associated glands:

  • procuring, chewing, and swallowing food

  • digesting & absorption

  • secretory & excretory functions

digestion

preparation of food for absorption

• includes mechanical force, chemical action, or hydrolysis to reduce to molecular size

absorption

processes that result in passage of small molecules from lumen of GI through mucosal cells and into blood & lymph systems

GI system in mammals

• mouth + associated structures and glands

• esophagus

• stomach

• small intensive

• large intestine

  • cecum*

nonruminants

mammals with “simple” stomachs'; monogastric.

ruminants

animals with compartmented stomachs

carnivore characteristics

• diet primarily non-plant material

• GI tract composed of gastric stomach

  • relatively short & uncomplicated intestine

• hind gut fermenters

omnivores and herbivores

• generally more complicated GI tracts

• hind gut fermentation

pre-gastric fermenters

• ruminants are specialized class

  • ability to digest fiber & other carbs more completely

hind gut fermenters

large herbivores depend on fermentation of fiber in large intestine

areas of the small intestine

• duodenum

• jejunum

• ileum

duodenum

site of digestive secretion production & initial absorption

support structures

small intestine accounts for majority of absorption of nutrients

• most nutrients absorbed in jejunum & upper ileum

pancreas and liver

vital to digestive processes because of secretions

large intestine

• comprised of cecum, colon, and rectum

• area for water absorption and secretion of inorganic elements

• cecum and colon facilitate bacterial fermentation

3 categories of ruminants

1. roughage eaters

2. selective eaters

3. transitional types