APUSH Full Review

UNIT 1: Important crops driving trade and settlements?

Maize, sugar

UNIT 1: European motives for exploration include:

• population recovery from Black Plague

• political unification to fund exploration

• economic incentive of luxury good

UNIT 1: shift from _____ to ______

feudalism to capitalism

UNIT 1: Spanish motives changed from _____ to _____

military conquest to mission system

UNIT 1: Columbian Exchange

movement of crops, ideas, people, disease, and animals between the Old World and New World

UNIT 1: Encomienda System

labor system in which Spanish forced land labor on Natives in exchange for protection

UNIT 1: Caste System

Spanish imposed a caste system based on race and intermarriage, with Natives at the bottom, taxing those at the bottom of the system more

UNIT 1: Europeans altered Native environment through

deforestation, livestock, disease

UNIT 1: involuntary migration

Middle Passage (trade of African slaves)

UNIT 1: Europeans viewed Natives as

inferior and uncivilized

UNIT 1: New World became

center of conquest and exploitation

UNIT 1: voluntary migration

explorers, missionaries

UNIT 1: work shifted from

kinship-based work of Natives to forced labor

UNIT 1: conquest shifted from

no American contact to fight for colonization

UNIT 1: Difference between Spanish and English attitudes towards Natives

Spanish SUBJUGATED Natives, English FORCED THEM OUT

UNIT 1: Columbus’s arrival in 1492 due to

Spanish seeking trade route to Asia

UNIT 1: Treaty of Tordesillas

split New World between Spain and Portugal

UNIT 1: Martin Luther’s Protestant Reformation

criticism of Catholic corruption, religious motivation for English to migrate to escape religious persecution

UNIT 1: Cortés conquered ____, Pizarro conquered _____

the Aztec Empire, the Inca Empire

UNIT 1: French and Dutch exploration included

passage to New World, Native alliances

UNIT 1: What was the “first” colony established and what did it show?

Roanoke colony in late 1500s, showed difficulties of colonization

UNIT 1: How did English establish itself as the dominant sea power?

they defeated Spanish Armada in 1588 and expanded naval force

UNIT 1: Natives were

diverse in population, lived with the environment

UNIT 2: Colonists saw themselves as

purely British citizens, but self-governance increased due to salutary neglect

UNIT 2: Economy was based on religious specialization, such as

New England: trade and fishing, Middle: grain, South: plantation slavery

UNIT 2: Increase in mercantilism, which was

exports > imports, must heed to mother country

UNIT 2: Navigation Acts

regulated colonial trade strictly, America could only export to England (tobacco and sugar)

UNIT 2: First colony established was

Jamestown in 1607, plagued by disease and famine

UNIT 2: What brought Jamestown out of famine?

tobacco, which was already cultivated by the Natives but reintroduced to colonists by John Rolfe (also married Pocahontas)

UNIT 2: Triangular Trade

Americas sent raw materials like tobacco and sugar to Europe, Europe sent manufactured goods like guns and kitchenware to Africa, Africa sent laborers to Americas (West Indies)

UNIT 2: Spanish colonization focused on

extraction of wealth (gold and silver) through mining, agriculture

UNIT 2: French motivations in America included

finding a water route to Asia, did not colonize as much since they were caught in European wars and prosecution of Protestant Huguenots

UNIT 2: French relations with the Natives were

mutualistic, established trade and settlements, intermarried for kinship ties, French and Ojibwe tribe is notable

UNIT 2: Dutch motivations in America included

trade and economy, not religious

UNIT 2: English motivations included

traveled with families, economics due to Columbian exchange, peasantry wanted new economic opportunities due to Enclosure Movement, religious freedom

UNIT 2: Tobacco crop was cultivated by

indentured servants

UNIT 2: encroachment on Native lands for agriculture caused

resistance and raids by the Natives, affecting indentured servants working on land

UNIT 2: Bacon’s Rebellion

uprising of indentured servants led by Nathaniel Bacon since Governor Berkeley of Virginia was not doing anything about Native raids

UNIT 2: Natives were primarily impacted by

disease, mainly smallpox

UNIT 2: Why did African slavery increase?

fear of Native and indentured servant uprisings, Natives were prone to contracting European diseases

UNIT 2: Discrimination against Africans notably shown by the

slave codes imposed on them, thought of as property/chattel

UNIT 2: ____ crop rose for economy in the West Indies, _____ crops in the Middle Colonies

sugarcane, cereal

UNIT 2: Middle colonies established a separation between their

upper and lower classes

UNIT 2: How did Natives respond to westward expansion and exploitation?

either allied, assimilated, or revolted

UNIT 2: Trend of slavery in Americas

increased as one traveled South

UNIT 2: What did the “Consumer Revolution” mean for colonists?

importance given to financial success over family ties

UNIT 1: headright system

free land given to those who paid for the passage of new settlers, to encourage migration

UNIT 2: New England colonies

subsistence farming, trade, close-knit towns, Puritan

UNIT 2: John Winthrop

wrote famous “city upon a hill” speech, encouraged Great Migration to escape religious persecution in Europe

UNIT 2: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson

banished for encouraging separation between church and state, Williams founded Rhode Island colony

UNIT 2: Middle Colonies

grains, trade, ethnically + religiously diverse, Quakers (Pennsylvania)

UNIT 2: William Penn

Quaker, Pacifist, religious freedom and tolerance, democratic principles

UNIT 2: Examples of Transatlantic Trade include

Triangular Trade, mercantilism, Consumer Revolution

UNIT 2: Chesapeake Colonies

Tobacco, class tensions (elite vs. poor), Anglican

UNIT 2: Southern Colonies

Rice, indigo, slave-based, plantation elite took power, Anglican

UNIT 2: Enlightenment ideals

People like Locke and Montesquieu encouraged rational, scientific thinking over religion, encouraged ideas of social contract and natural human rights and became the basis of many of America’s self-governance and democratic ideals

UNIT 2: First Great Awakening

Christian beliefs declined after Enlightenment, this time period brought it back, with influential people like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield encouraging religious revival, New Light clergy, strengthened society after Enlightenment encouraged democratic ideals

UNIT 2: Anglicanization

colonists remaining loyal to British crown

UNIT 2: impressment

Colonists forced to take part in British wars, drafted

UNIT 2: House of Burgesses

local self-governance in Virginia, first democratically-elected legislative body

UNIT 2: Between 1608 and 1610

Quebec and Santa Fe are established by French and Spanish

UNIT 2: Pilgrims sign Mayflower Compact

first written self-governance declaration, by religious Separatists fleeing persecution, founded Massachusetts Bay Colony

UNIT 2: Maryland Toleration Act

protected Catholics and increased religious tensions

UNIT 2: King Philip’s/Metacom’s War

Native resistance to English control over their land, devastating defeat

UNIT 2: Pequot War

Pequot chief was killed, led to war on control of trade and territory

UNIT 2: Glorious Revolution

end of absolute monarchy in England, colonists demand rights

UNIT 2: Salem Witch Trials

decline of Puritan authority

UNIT 2: Stono Rebellion

Black uprising against harsh slavery, suppressed

UNIT 2: King George’s War

conflict between Britain and France, strengthened colonial identity as they fought with each other but were taxed to cover up debt

UNIT 3: Seven Years War

British took over French land, Natives took sides because tensions allowed them to have a chance at regaining their control

UNIT 3: Colonial resistance included

impressment to fight in war, troops in colonial homes, Proclamation Line, taxes

UNIT 3: Peace of Paris

end of Seven Years' War, Spain gave Florida to British and French ousted from North America, Spanish had control west of Mississippi River, and Britain had control over the east (pushed for expansion nevertheless, led to Native rebellions like Pontiac’s Rebellion)

UNIT 3: Taxation without Representation

French and Indian War was expensive, British taxed colonists to make up for it

UNIT 3: Salutary neglect

Britain relaxed enforcement of laws until taxation was necessary, Grenville’s Plan on stricter enforcement of laws

UNIT 3: Colonial “suffocation”

• declining wages, rise in unemployment, taxes

• Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty violently fought against this, including Vox Populi (against Stamp Act)

• were not considering revolution, just wanted to be British citizens with fair rights

• driven by Enlightenment ideals

UNIT 3: Common Sense

written by Thomas Paine, essentially spurred Revolution as it highlighted how British rule caused many issues in colonial society

UNIT 3: American Revolution

movement and war fought to gain independence from Britain, Battle of Saratoga was first win of Continental Army where French allied, Battle of Yorktown marked British surrender

UNIT 3: Northwest Ordinance of 1787

governance of Northwest Territory, abolishment of slavery in the North

UNIT 3: Republican Motherhood

idea that white women had to raise and educate their children well, so they needed to be educated too

UNIT 3: American Revolution’s influence included

inspiring other revolutions like the French, Haitian, and Latin revolutions

UNIT 3: Articles of Confederation

weak central power, focused heavily on legislative branch, not effective due to this

UNIT 3: Delegates argued that election of presidents should be based on

few well-educated people (idea of Electoral College)

UNIT 3: Patriots

actively supported American Revolution

UNIT 3: Loyalists

loyal to British crown and did not agree with American Revolution

UNIT 3: Federalists

pro-Constitution, wanted a strong, central government, Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay

UNIT 3: Anti-Federalists

anti-Constitution, believed that it would lead to tyranny by placing too much power in one group, wanted a Bill of Rights

UNIT 3: Federalism

sharing of power between state and national government

UNIT 3: Hamilton’s Financial Plan

establishment of National Bank

UNIT 3: White women had a

larger role and education during this time

UNIT 3: Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanac

encouraged separation between church and state

UNIT 3: Sugar Act

taxed sugar and molasses to pay for debt after French and Indian War

UNIT 3: Stamp Act

taxed stamps for war debt

UNIT 3: Declaratory Act

Britain asserted power over colonies, stating it had full authority in all cases

UNIT 3: Townshend Act + Currency Act + Tea Act

taxes on goods like glass, lead, paint, currency, tea

UNIT 3: Boston Massacre

emphasized growing tensions between colonists and British

UNIT 3: Boston Tea Party

dumping of LOTS of tea into the Boston Harbor (British East India Company), led to Intolerable Acts

UNIT 3: Coercive/Intolerable Acts

forced colonists to comply with British rule

UNIT 3: First Continental Congress

discussed Intolerable Acts and British hold on colonies

UNIT 3: Second Continental Congress + Battle of Lexington and Concord

marked start of American Revolutionary War, Continental Army created

UNIT 3: Declaration of Independence

signed by many important figures and marked break from Britain