Biological Molecules

macromolecules

large carbohydrates, protiens and nucleic acids

polymer

a long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building linked by covalent bonds

Monomers

the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

each class of polymer is made up of

different type of monomer

enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things (polymers)

condensation reaction

a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to each other with the loss of a small molecule

dehydration reaction

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

How are macromolecules formed?

Dehydration synthesis, forms polymers by combining monomers by "removing water"

Polymers are disassembled to monomers by

hydrolysis

hydrolysis

Breaking down polymers to monomers by the chemical addition of water

How does digestion work?

active site binds substrate and puts stress on bonds that must be broken, making it easier to separate molecules

how do cells use dehydration

They can use the new monomers to form polymers to perfom specific functions in the body

dehydration reaction model

hydrolysis model

All Organic Molecules have

Carbon

Carbon is the only element that can form

long, stable chains between 0 C-100 C

Most common elements in biological molecules:

carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen,
nitrogen

What are the four macromolecules?

carbohydrates,
lipids,
proteins,
nucleic acids

Biological molecules have

carbon chains

Functional groups are attached to

the carbon chains

functional groups

the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

The number and arrangement of functional groups give

each molecule its unique properties

Hydroxyl group (—OH)

In an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom.
Polar due to electronegative oxygen. Forms hydrogen bonds with water.
Compound name: Alcohol

hydroxyl group model

Carboxyl group (—COOH)

Acts as an acid.
Compound name: Carboxylic acid, or organic acid

carboxyl group model

Amino group (—NH2)

Acts as a base.
Compound name: Amine

amino group model

Phosphate group (—OPO32−)

Contributes negative charge. When attached, confers on a molecule the ability
to react with water, releasing energy.
Compound name: Organic phosphate

Phosphate group model

different functional groups

hydroxyl group
Carboxyl groups
amino groups
Phosphate groups
methyl groups

methyl group model

Methyl group (—CH3)

Affects the expression of genes. Affects the shape and function of
sex hormones.
Compound name: Methylated compound

Proteins

Long chains of amino acids

small chain of protiens are called

peptides

functions of protiens

structural,
enzymatic,
gene regulation
and many others

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

all amino acids alone are

hydrophilic

organic hydrophobic molecules

alkanes, oils, fats, and greasy substances in general.

Nonpolar/hydrophobic side chains of protiens examples

alanine,
isoleucine,
leucine,
methionine,
phenylalanine,
tryptophan,
valine

Nonpolar side chains of protiens

hydrophobic

Polar side chains of protiens examples

serine,
threonine,
asparagine,
glutamine,
cysteine

Polar side chains of protiens

hydrophilic

Electrically charged side chains;

hydrophobic

Polypeptides

polymers of amino acids

Amino acids are linked by covalent bonds called

peptide bonds

Polypeptides range in

length from a few to more than a thousand monomers

How do peptides form?

dehydration

Proteins can also be

enzymes

Protien enzymes structure

ribbon structure

Enzymes catalyze

reactions in the cell

Proteins can Transport

other molecules

Aquaporin

A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.

ferritin

iron storage protein

Proteins can be

structural

Collagen

Fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength

Protein filaments form

the cytoskeleton

the cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Defensive Proteins

antibodies of the immune system

Mylofilaments

elaborate networks of the actin and myosin filaments that bring about movement or contraction in all cell types

Gene Regulation

ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment
involves protiens

Zinc-finger DNA

bind proteins

histones

protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

the different proteins structures

primary,
secondary,
tertiary,
quaternary

primary protien structure

what determines the secondary protien structure

Hydrogen bonding

secondary structure of protein

protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain

what determines the tertiary structure of protiens

Amino acid side groups
Hydrophobic Interactions
and Ionic Bonding

tertiary structure of protiens

The final three-dimensional shape maintained by various types of bonding between R groups
Covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonding, disulfide bonding

quaternary structure of a protein

A number of polypeptide chains linked together, and sometimes associated with non-protein groups to form a protein.

molecular structure of hemoglobin

beta symbol

Denaturing

changing the conformation of a protein through, pH, temperature, or salt concentration changes

misfolding of protiens

-alzheimer's
-parkinson's disease
-mad cow disease

alhithe amino acid sequence

A slight change in primary structure can affect a protein's structure and ability to function

sickle cell disease

an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

protien monomer

amino acids (20)

Protein polymers are made up of \_____ monomers.

amino acid monomers

protein polymers

polypeptides
protein peptides

protein functional groups

-NH2 (amino)
-COOH (carboxyl)
SH

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

nucleic acid monomer

nucleotide
ACGT
ACGU
ATPGTP

ACGT

DNA

ACGU

bases of RNA

Nucleic acid polymers

DNA,
RNA
polynucleotides

nucleic acid functional groups

P
NH2
OH

Carbohydrates monomers

monosaccharides,
disaccharides,
lactose,
succose

carbohydrate polymers

glucose
starch,
glycogen,
cellulose
chitin (fungi arthropods)
Polysaccharides

e storage

starch
glycogen

carbohydrates functional groups

carbonyl and hydroxyl

Normal Hemoglobin function

Molecules do notassociate with oneanother; each carriesoxygen.

sickle cell hemoglobin

molecules crystallize into a fiber; capacity to carry oxygen is reduced

Roles of Nucleic Acids

store and transmit genetic info

two types of nucleic acids

deoxyribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid

DNA id genetic

material

RNA is genetic

expression

nucleotide structure

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

nitrogenous bases

pyrimidines and purines

pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil