Biological Molecules

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191 Terms

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macromolecules
large carbohydrates, protiens and nucleic acids
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polymer
a long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building linked by covalent bonds
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Monomers
the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer
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each class of polymer is made up of
different type of monomer
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enzymes
Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things (polymers)
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condensation reaction
a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to each other with the loss of a small molecule
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dehydration reaction
A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
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How are macromolecules formed?
Dehydration synthesis, forms polymers by combining monomers by "removing water"
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Polymers are disassembled to monomers by
hydrolysis
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hydrolysis
Breaking down polymers to monomers by the chemical addition of water
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How does digestion work?
active site binds substrate and puts stress on bonds that must be broken, making it easier to separate molecules
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how do cells use dehydration
They can use the new monomers to form polymers to perfom specific functions in the body
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dehydration reaction model

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hydrolysis model

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All Organic Molecules have
Carbon
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Carbon is the only element that can form
long, stable chains between 0 C-100 C
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Most common elements in biological molecules:
carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen,
nitrogen
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What are the four macromolecules?
carbohydrates,
lipids,
proteins,
nucleic acids
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Biological molecules have
carbon chains
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Functional groups are attached to
the carbon chains
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functional groups
the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
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The number and arrangement of functional groups give
each molecule its unique properties
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Hydroxyl group (—OH)
In an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom.
Polar due to electronegative oxygen. Forms hydrogen bonds with water.
Compound name: Alcohol
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hydroxyl group model

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Carboxyl group (—COOH)
Acts as an acid.
Compound name: Carboxylic acid, or organic acid
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carboxyl group model

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Amino group (—NH2)
Acts as a base.
Compound name: Amine
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amino group model

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Phosphate group (—OPO32−)
Contributes negative charge. When attached, confers on a molecule the ability
to react with water, releasing energy.
Compound name: Organic phosphate
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Phosphate group model

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different functional groups
hydroxyl group
Carboxyl groups
amino groups
Phosphate groups
methyl groups
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methyl group model

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Methyl group (—CH3)
Affects the expression of genes. Affects the shape and function of
sex hormones.
Compound name: Methylated compound
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Proteins
Long chains of amino acids
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small chain of protiens are called
peptides
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functions of protiens
structural,
enzymatic,
gene regulation
and many others
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amino acids
building blocks of proteins
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all amino acids alone are
hydrophilic
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organic hydrophobic molecules
alkanes, oils, fats, and greasy substances in general.
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Nonpolar/hydrophobic side chains of protiens examples
alanine,
isoleucine,
leucine,
methionine,
phenylalanine,
tryptophan,
valine
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Nonpolar side chains of protiens
hydrophobic
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Polar side chains of protiens examples
serine,
threonine,
asparagine,
glutamine,
cysteine
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Polar side chains of protiens
hydrophilic
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Electrically charged side chains;
hydrophobic
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Polypeptides
polymers of amino acids
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Amino acids are linked by covalent bonds called
peptide bonds
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Polypeptides range in
length from a few to more than a thousand monomers
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How do peptides form?
dehydration
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Proteins can also be
enzymes
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Protien enzymes structure
ribbon structure
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Enzymes catalyze
reactions in the cell
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Proteins can Transport
other molecules
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Aquaporin
A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.
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ferritin
iron storage protein
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Proteins can be
structural
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Collagen
Fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength
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Protein filaments form
the cytoskeleton
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the cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
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Defensive Proteins
antibodies of the immune system
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Mylofilaments
elaborate networks of the actin and myosin filaments that bring about movement or contraction in all cell types
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Gene Regulation
ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment
involves protiens
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Zinc-finger DNA
bind proteins
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histones
protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
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the different proteins structures
primary,
secondary,
tertiary,
quaternary
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primary protien structure

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what determines the secondary protien structure
Hydrogen bonding
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secondary structure of protein
protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain
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what determines the tertiary structure of protiens
Amino acid side groups
Hydrophobic Interactions
and Ionic Bonding
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tertiary structure of protiens
The final three-dimensional shape maintained by various types of bonding between R groups
Covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonding, disulfide bonding
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quaternary structure of a protein
A number of polypeptide chains linked together, and sometimes associated with non-protein groups to form a protein.
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molecular structure of hemoglobin

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beta symbol

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Denaturing
changing the conformation of a protein through, pH, temperature, or salt concentration changes
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misfolding of protiens
-alzheimer's
-parkinson's disease
-mad cow disease
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alhithe amino acid sequence
A slight change in primary structure can affect a protein's structure and ability to function
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sickle cell disease
an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin
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Hemoglobin
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
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protien monomer
amino acids (20)
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Protein polymers are made up of \_____ monomers.
amino acid monomers
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protein polymers
polypeptides
protein peptides
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protein functional groups
-NH2 (amino)
-COOH (carboxyl)
SH
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nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
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nucleic acid monomer
nucleotide
ACGT
ACGU
ATPGTP
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ACGT
DNA
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ACGU
bases of RNA
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Nucleic acid polymers
DNA,
RNA
polynucleotides
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nucleic acid functional groups
P
NH2
OH
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Carbohydrates monomers
monosaccharides,
disaccharides,
lactose,
succose
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carbohydrate polymers
glucose
starch,
glycogen,
cellulose
chitin (fungi arthropods)
Polysaccharides
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e storage
starch
glycogen
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carbohydrates functional groups
carbonyl and hydroxyl
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Normal Hemoglobin function
Molecules do notassociate with oneanother; each carriesoxygen.
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sickle cell hemoglobin
molecules crystallize into a fiber; capacity to carry oxygen is reduced
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Roles of Nucleic Acids
store and transmit genetic info
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two types of nucleic acids
deoxyribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid
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DNA id genetic
material
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RNA is genetic
expression
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nucleotide structure
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
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nitrogenous bases
pyrimidines and purines
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pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine, uracil