a long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building linked by covalent bonds
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Monomers
the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer
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each class of polymer is made up of
different type of monomer
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enzymes
Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things (polymers)
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condensation reaction
a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to each other with the loss of a small molecule
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dehydration reaction
A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
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How are macromolecules formed?
Dehydration synthesis, forms polymers by combining monomers by "removing water"
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Polymers are disassembled to monomers by
hydrolysis
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hydrolysis
Breaking down polymers to monomers by the chemical addition of water
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How does digestion work?
active site binds substrate and puts stress on bonds that must be broken, making it easier to separate molecules
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how do cells use dehydration
They can use the new monomers to form polymers to perfom specific functions in the body
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dehydration reaction model
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hydrolysis model
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All Organic Molecules have
Carbon
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Carbon is the only element that can form
long, stable chains between 0 C-100 C
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Most common elements in biological molecules:
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
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What are the four macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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Biological molecules have
carbon chains
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Functional groups are attached to
the carbon chains
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functional groups
the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
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The number and arrangement of functional groups give
each molecule its unique properties
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Hydroxyl group (—OH)
In an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom. Polar due to electronegative oxygen. Forms hydrogen bonds with water. Compound name: Alcohol
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hydroxyl group model
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Carboxyl group (—COOH)
Acts as an acid. Compound name: Carboxylic acid, or organic acid
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carboxyl group model
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Amino group (—NH2)
Acts as a base. Compound name: Amine
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amino group model
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Phosphate group (—OPO32−)
Contributes negative charge. When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy. Compound name: Organic phosphate
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Phosphate group model
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different functional groups
hydroxyl group Carboxyl groups amino groups Phosphate groups methyl groups
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methyl group model
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Methyl group (—CH3)
Affects the expression of genes. Affects the shape and function of sex hormones. Compound name: Methylated compound
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Proteins
Long chains of amino acids
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small chain of protiens are called
peptides
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functions of protiens
structural, enzymatic, gene regulation and many others
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amino acids
building blocks of proteins
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all amino acids alone are
hydrophilic
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organic hydrophobic molecules
alkanes, oils, fats, and greasy substances in general.
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Nonpolar/hydrophobic side chains of protiens examples