#11: Animal Gas Exchange and Circulation

_________ is the movement of air or water through a specialized gas-exchange organ, such as a lung or gill

Ventilation

__________ at the _______ ________ where O₂ moves from air or water into the blood and CO₂ moves from the blood into the air or water

Diffusion; respiratory system

________ is the transport of dissolved O₂ and CO₂ throughout the body via the circulatory system

Circulation

_______________________ is where O₂ moves from the blood into the tissues and CO₂ moves from the tissues into the blood

Diffusion at the tissues

_______________ is the cell’s use of O₂ and production of CO₂

Cellular respiration

_______ pressure is the pressure of a particular mixture of gas in a mixture of gases

Partial

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across respiratory surfaces entirely by ______

diffusion

In fish gills, __________ is the process where water and blood flow in opposite directions to meximize oxygen absorption.

countercurrent exchange

Insects have _________, which are air tubes that branch throughout the body that are ventilated by muscle activity.

tracheal systems

Vertebrates have ______, which provide a thin surface area for gas exchange between air and blood.

lungs

What is the difference between positive and negative pressure?

Positive pressure pushes air into the lungs, while negative pressure pulls air into the lungs.

In the blood, hemoglobin is responsible for…

transporting oxygen throughout the body

What is the function of cooperative binding?

it allows hemoglobin to bind to oxygen more efficiently

In an open circulatory system, ________ is pumped through a limited system of vessels and comes into direct contact with tissues.

hemolymph fluid

In a closed circulatory system, ________ flows in a circuit around blood vessels.

blood

Blood flows away from the heart in _______.

arteries

Blood flows to the heart in _____.

veins

What is the function of capillary sphincters?

they reflate blood flow into the capillaries

Where does oxygenated blood enter the heart?

the left atrium

Where does de-oxygenated blood enter the heart?

the right atrium

Where does oxygenated blood leave to go to the lungs?

the left ventricle

Where does de-oxygenated blood leave to go to the body?

the right ventricle

How does the heart beat?

electrical activation of the nodes