2023 RxPrep Ch. 16 Compounding II: Equipment, Stability, and Excipients

A. graduate cylinder should not be used to measure volumes less than ____ % of the graduate's volume

20%

Oral syringe vs Hypodermic syringe

Oral syringes are administered enterally and hypodermic syringes are injections given parenterally

All syringe packets should be wiped off with 70% isopropyl alcohol prior to being brought into the SEC, or PEC if working in a segregated compounding area. (True/False)

True

In general, needles should not be recapped. It is preferred to use needles with safety features. (True/False)

True

What is an IV push?

Quick bolus dose administered into a vein via syringe or catheter

How to choose the correct syringe size?

Closest syringe size above the amount needed

Pipettes

glass or plastic tubes used to measure small volumes

Volumetric pipette vs Mohr pipette

- Volumetric pipette draws up a set volume only

- Mohr pipette is graduated and can measure different volumes

Pharmacies need at least one of which types of mortars and pestles?

- glass

- wedgewood or porcelain

What are glass mortars & pestles used for?

liquids or compounds that are oily or can stain

What are wedgewood mortars & pestles used for?

dry crystals and hard powders

What are porcelain mortars & pestles used for?

blending powders & pulverizing gummies

What are spatulas used for?

mix & transfer ingredients from one place to another, or to flatten and grind down ingredients

What type of spatula would be used if handling metal ions or corrosive material?

Rubber spatula

Ointment slabs

flat board of porcelain or glass used to mix ingredients together for ointments, or just to provide a work surface to form pills or suppositories

Powder Sieves

used to sift powders

Ointment mills

Draws the ointment between rollers that grind and homogenize the ingredients

Homogenizers

electric mortar & pestle

Grinders

reduces size of ingredient by grinding down mechanically

Molds

Reusable or Disposable molds used to help soft products retain their shape

Tablet press

2 plastic or metal plates used to compress powder into tablets

Capsule sizes

Which are smaller? size 000 capsules or size 5 capsules?

5

Tube sealers

heat and squeeze ends of tubes shut; the end will look similar to the crimped end of a toothpaste tube

Surfactants lower ____________________________.

Surface tension

What are the types of surfactants?

- Wetting agents

- Emulsifiers

- Suspending agents

- Levigating agents

- Foaming agents

- Glycols & Gels

Wetting agents

reduce surface tension between a liquid and a solid

Emulsifiers

Keep liquid droplets dispersed throughout a liquid vehicle

Suspending agents

Prevent solid particles from settling in a suspension

Levigating agents

Liquid used to help grind down the particles of a product

Foaming agent

help foam to form by lowering the surface tension of the water

Glycols & Gels

- Used as surfactant & delivery vehicles

- Have wide applicability due to having hydrophilic & hydrophobic parts

Which emulsion is more palatable?

o/w or w/o?

o/w emulsions

The Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) should be > ______ for o/w emulsions

10

What does a low (< 10) HLB mean?

Low = Lipid soluble

What does a high (> 10) HLB mean?

High = H20 soluble

Oxidation vs. Reduction

OILRIG: Oxidation Is Lost Reduction Is Gained

Redox reaction will convert OH to =O

Hydrolysis

water cleaves the bond in a molecule

Photolysis

UV light exposure cleaves bond in a molecule

What are some compounds sensitive to light exposure?

- ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

- folic acid (Vitamin B9)

- nitroprusside

- phytonadione (Vitamin K)

Excipients

Binders

allow the contents of a tablet to stick together while permitting the contents to release once ingested (provide stability and strength)

Ex: Acacia, starch paste, sucrose syrup

Excipients

Diluents & fillers

added to dilute something or to bulk something up

Ex: Lactose, starches, calcium salts, cellulose powder

Excipients

Disintegrants

facilitates breakup of tablet after oral administration

Ex: Alginic acid, cellulose products, polacrilin potassium, starches

Excipients

Flavoring & Coloring agents

make the preparation look and taste better

Ex: Non-caloric (aspartame, sucralose, saccharin), glycerin, dextrose, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, stevia

Excipients

Lubricants

prevent adhering to each other and equipment

Ex: Magnesium stearate, PEG, glycerin, mineral oil, etc.

Excipients

Preservatives

slow/prevent microbe growth

Ex: Chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, sodium benzoate, benzalkonium chloride, sorbic acid/potassium sorbate, methyl/ethyl/propyl parabens, EDTA, thimerosal, cetylpyridinium

Excipients

Buffers

keep the pH within a certain range

- Buffers to keep acidic pH: hydrochloric acid, acetic acid/sodium acetate, citric acid/sodium citrate

- Buffers to keep alkaline pH: sodium hydroxide, boric acid/sodium borate, sodium bicarbonate/sodium carbonate

- Buffers to keep neutral pH: sodium biphosphate/sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate/metaphosphate

Solvents

Hydrophilic

- Water

- Sterile water (sterile products)

- Alcohols (when water cannot dissolve solute)

- Glycols (low FP, high BP)

Solvents

Hydrophobic

Oils & Fats

What are the types of Emollients?

- Ointments (semisolid with 0-20% water)

- Creams (more water than ointments, o/w or w/o creams)

- Lotions (more water than creams, pourable)

- Gels (semisolid, particles suspended in a liquid)

- Pastes (powder in an ointment base)