A&P Test Review

Flashcards for reviewing key concepts from the A&P test covering the digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems.

What are the accessory organs in the digestive system?

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

Which accessory organ stores bile created by the liver?

Gallbladder.

What enzyme starts chemical digestion in the mouth?

Amylase.

Where does most digestion take place?

Small intestine.

What is the function of the large intestine?

Storage of waste, absorption of water and nutrients.

How long does food typically stay in the stomach?

2-4 hours.

What is the small wormlike projection at the base of the large intestine?

Appendix.

What can cirrhosis affect?

The liver.

What is gastroenteritis?

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach.

Match large intestine with its section.

Rectum.

Match small intestine with its section.

Duodenum.

What is the order of digestion?

Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine → Anus.

What are the 3 accessory organs?

Liver, pancreas, gallbladder.

What is an appendix?

A tube-shaped sac attached to the lower end of the large intestine.

What are the sections of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

What are the sections of the large intestine?

Cecum, colon, rectum, anus.

What is the common name for the larynx?

Voice box.

What is the common name for the pharynx?

Throat.

What is the common name for the trachea?

Windpipe.

What takes air into the lungs?

Bronchi.

How many bronchi do we have?

Two.

What structure warms and moistens air during inhalation?

Nose.

Which structures exchange gases in the lungs?

Bronchioles and alveoli.

What do we inhale and exhale?

Inhale oxygen, exhale carbon dioxide.

How is speech produced?

The larynx produces speech.

Which structure is surrounded by a capillary network?

Alveoli.

What is a normal breathing rate?

12-18 breaths per minute.

Can lungs float in water?

Yes.

What muscle is responsible for breathing?

Diaphragm.

What would a breath rate of 9 indicate?

Bradypnea.

Where does bronchitis occur?

In the bronchial tubes.

Which structure shares a function with both respiratory and digestive systems?

Pharynx.

What is the order of airflow through the respiratory system?

Nose → mouth → pharynx → epiglottis → larynx → trachea → bronchial tree → lungs.

What do alveoli do in the respiratory system?

Exchange gases into the bloodstream.

What are the major functions of the respiratory system?

Allows us to breathe, inhalation, exhalation, respiration, ventilation.

What structures are in the upper respiratory tract?

Nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea.

What structures are in the lower respiratory tract?

Bronchial tree and lungs.

What is the difference between bradypnea and hyperventilation?

Bradypnea: slow breathing; Hyperventilation: fast breathing.

What are the top receiving chambers of the heart called?

Atria.

What are the valves located on the left side of the heart?

Mitral valve, aortic valve.

What vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries.

What are the components of blood?

Plasma, water, hormones, proteins, sugars, salts, waste products.

What carries blood to the lungs from the heart?

Pulmonary artery.

Is deoxygenated blood found in arteries?

False.

What does the left atrium contain?

Oxygenated blood.

Describe pulmonary circulation.

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.

Describe systemic circulation.

Carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the body.

What type of blood cell is essential for defense?

White blood cells.

What is essential for clotting?

Platelets.

What is a normal resting heart rate?

60-100 beats per minute.

Which vessels are most at risk during a heart attack?

Coronary arteries.

What is a myocardial infarction?

Heart attack.

Who would you consult for cardiovascular problems?

Cardiologist, cardiothoracic surgeon, vascular surgeon.

What do the four chambers of the heart do?

Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood; Right ventricle pumps to lungs; Left atrium receives oxygenated blood; Left ventricle pumps to body.

What valves are on the left side of the heart?

Mitral valve, aortic valve.

What vessels take blood to and from the heart?

Veins and arteries.

What are the two types of circulation?

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.