Studied by 141 people
John Watson
________- championed psychology as the scientific study of behavior, worked with Skinner to dismiss introspection.
Scatterplots
________- graphed cluster of dots, each of which represent the values of two variables.
Correlation coefficient
________- a statistical index of the relationship between two things (how close 2 things vary together, how well one predicts the other)
Standard deviation
________- measure of how spread out numbers are from the mean (better gauges whether scores and packed together or dispersed)
Slope
________ suggests the direction of the relationship between two variables.
Mode
________- the most frequently occurring score in a distribution.
Structuralism
________ and functionalism were the first to think about the mind's structure and behavior.
Cognitive neuroscience
________- studies brain activity and how we perceive, process, and remember information.
Overconfidence
________- tendency to think we know more than we do.
Curiosity
________- explore and understand the world without being fooled by it.
Skinner
Watson and ________ dismissed introspection and said psychology cant just be focused on mental life if its rooted in observation.
Placebo effect
________- due to our expectations, just thinking one is receiving treatment can lead to symptom relief.
Survey
________- gather information from many people based on self- reporting, must be careful about wording effects, lying, bias.
Psychiatry
________- branch of medicine that have licensed physicians to provide medical treatments for therapy.
characteristics of experimentation
Describe the ________ that make it possible to isolate cause and effect.
naturalistic observation
Describe how psychologists use case studies, surveys, and ________ to observe and describe behavior, and explain the importance of random sampling.
Sigmund Freud
________- (influenced psychiatry, psychoanalysis, and dream interpretation) emphasized the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior (ego, repression, fixation, sibling rivalry)
Psychology
________ was recognized as the science of behavior and mental processes, recognized that ________ can be observed through behavior but not sensations or feelings.
Humans
________ and animals share a common biology that helps scientists test diseases and preventions.
Intuition
________ and common sense are just predictions and dont have factual evidence that something will or wont happen.
Ethical guidelines
________ for humans include little to no stress /humiliation, blinking lights, harm, pain or discomfort, and make sure to fully explain the research to them afterward.
Normal
________ curve- symmetrical, bell- shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data, most scores fall near the mean.
Functionalism
________- early school of thought promoted by James that explored mental and behavioral process functions and how they help organisms adapt, structure, and flourish.
Hypotheses
________- testable prediction of a theory.
Double
________- blind procedure- research assistants also do not know which group the participant is in (rules out bias)
Random
________ sample- a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
Wilhelm Wundt
________- German philosopher, established 1st psych lab in Leipzig, Germany in 1879, designed experiment to test how long people press a key after hearing a ball drop.
Ivan Pavlov
________- Russian scientist that used classical conditioning (partnering one thing with another) on dogs (early 1900s)
Skepticism
________- scrutinize competing claims.
Population
________- all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.
specific set of circumstances
Applied research- applying research directed at a(n) ________.
confidentiality
Informed consent- protection from harm, discomfort, ________, debriefing are key to ethical research.
Experiment
________- research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.
Humility
________- we may have to reject our own ideas.
Positive psychology
________- research human strengths and human flourishing.
Neuroscience
________ perspective- how the body and brain enable memories, emotions, and sensory experiences.
Operational definitions
________- statements of the procedure that defines measurable research variables.
Behaviorists
________- psychologists that say psychology should be a science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
Introspection
________- examine ones own emotional states and mental processes.
Independent
________ variable- the variable that is actually being manipulated and studied.
Theory
________- organizes a wide range of observations.
cultural perspective
Social- ________- how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.
process of prediction
Describe positive and negative correlations, and explain how correlational measures can aid the ________ but not provide evidence of cause- effect relationships.
negative correlation
A(n) ________ is when two sets of scores relate inversely, one going up and one going down.
William James
________- psychologist, wanted to consider functions of our thoughts and feelings, linked it to evolution.
Edward Titchener
________- British psychologist, aimed to discover minds structure.
Biopsychosocial approach
________- integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological and social- cultural levels of analysis.
B F Skinner
________- behaviorist, rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior.
Humanistic psychology
________- emphasizes humans potential for growth and the importance of love and acceptance.
Evolutionary perspective
________- how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of our genes.
Wilhelm Wundt
German philosopher, established 1st psych lab in Leipzig, Germany in 1879, designed experiment to test how long people press a key after hearing a ball drop
Edward Titchener
British psychologist, aimed to discover minds structure
Structuralism
early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener that used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
Introspection
examine ones own emotional states and mental processes
Charles Darwin/ natural selection/ evolution
from among chance variations, nature selects traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
William James
psychologist, wanted to consider functions of our thoughts and feelings, linked it to evolution
Functionalism
early school of thought promoted by James that explored mental and behavioral process functions and how they help organisms adapt, structure, and flourish
Ivan Pavlov
Russian scientist that used classical conditioning (partnering one thing with another) on dogs (early 1900s)
Sigmund Freud
(influenced psychiatry, psychoanalysis, and dream interpretation) emphasized the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior (ego, repression, fixation, sibling rivalry)
John Watson
championed psychology as the scientific study of behavior, worked with Skinner to dismiss introspection
B. F. Skinner
behaviorist, rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior
Behaviorists
psychologists that say psychology should be a science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
Humanistic psychology
emphasizes humans potential for growth and the importance of love and acceptance
Cognitive neuroscience
studies brain activity and how we perceive, process, and remember information
Todays definition of psychology
science of behavior and mental processes
Nature-nurture issue
nurture works on what nature gives us, controversy over whether or not genes or experience form and affect development of psychological traits and behaviors
Biopsychosocial approach
integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological and social-cultural levels of analysis
evolutionary perspective
how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of our genes
behavior genetics perspective
how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
psychodynamic perspective
how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
behavioral perspective
how we learn observable responses
cognitive perspective
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
social-cultural perspective
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
basic research
all seven perspectives used to test fundamental theories
applied research
applying research directed at a specific set of circumstances
counseling psychology
assists in problems in achieving well-being
clinical psychology
mental health pros who study, assess, and treat people with psych disorders
psychiatry
branch of medicine that have licensed physicians to provide medical treatments for therapy
positive psychology
research human strengths and human flourishing
community psychologists
create social and physical environments that are healthy for all
Overconfidence
tendency to think we know more than we do
Hindsight bias
"I-knew-it-all-along-phenomenon", tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that no one would have foreseen it
Tendency to perceive order in random events
random sequences, patterns and streaks occur more often than people expect
Curiosity
explore and understand the world without being fooled by it
Skepticism
scrutinize competing claims
Humility
we may have to reject our own ideas
Theory
organizes a wide range of observations
Hypotheses
testable prediction of a theory
Operational definitions
statements of the procedure that defines measurable research variables
Replication
trying it again using the same operational definitions of the concepts and procedures, if results differ the original results may have been in error
Case study
examining one individual in-depth, learn a lot about one persons behavior, but drawback its over-generalization to all people
Naturalistic observation
observing "natural behavior" means just watching/taking notes, can be used to study more than one person which can be applied to a broader population
Survey
gather information from many people based on self-reporting, must be careful about wording effects, lying, bias
Population
all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn
Random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Correlation coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (how close 2 things vary together, how well one predicts the other)
Scatterplots
graphed cluster of dots, each of which represent the values of two variables
Experiment
research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process
Randomly assigning
participants are randomly put in either the control (placebo) or experimental group
Experimental group
group exposed to treatment (independent variable)
Note 
Flashcard (51)