Unit 1 Ap Psych

John Watson

________- championed psychology as the scientific study of behavior, worked with Skinner to dismiss introspection.

Scatterplots

________- graphed cluster of dots, each of which represent the values of two variables.

Correlation coefficient

________- a statistical index of the relationship between two things (how close 2 things vary together, how well one predicts the other)

Standard deviation

________- measure of how spread out numbers are from the mean (better gauges whether scores and packed together or dispersed)

Slope

________ suggests the direction of the relationship between two variables.

Mode

________- the most frequently occurring score in a distribution.

Structuralism

________ and functionalism were the first to think about the mind's structure and behavior.

Cognitive neuroscience

________- studies brain activity and how we perceive, process, and remember information.

Overconfidence

________- tendency to think we know more than we do.

Curiosity

________- explore and understand the world without being fooled by it.

Skinner

Watson and ________ dismissed introspection and said psychology cant just be focused on mental life if its rooted in observation.

Placebo effect

________- due to our expectations, just thinking one is receiving treatment can lead to symptom relief.

Survey

________- gather information from many people based on self- reporting, must be careful about wording effects, lying, bias.

Psychiatry

________- branch of medicine that have licensed physicians to provide medical treatments for therapy.

characteristics of experimentation

Describe the ________ that make it possible to isolate cause and effect.

naturalistic observation

Describe how psychologists use case studies, surveys, and ________ to observe and describe behavior, and explain the importance of random sampling.

Sigmund Freud

________- (influenced psychiatry, psychoanalysis, and dream interpretation) emphasized the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior (ego, repression, fixation, sibling rivalry)

Psychology

________ was recognized as the science of behavior and mental processes, recognized that ________ can be observed through behavior but not sensations or feelings.

Humans

________ and animals share a common biology that helps scientists test diseases and preventions.

Intuition

________ and common sense are just predictions and dont have factual evidence that something will or wont happen.

Ethical guidelines

________ for humans include little to no stress /humiliation, blinking lights, harm, pain or discomfort, and make sure to fully explain the research to them afterward.

Normal

________ curve- symmetrical, bell- shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data, most scores fall near the mean.

Functionalism

________- early school of thought promoted by James that explored mental and behavioral process functions and how they help organisms adapt, structure, and flourish.

Hypotheses

________- testable prediction of a theory.

Double

________- blind procedure- research assistants also do not know which group the participant is in (rules out bias)

Random

________ sample- a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

Wilhelm Wundt

________- German philosopher, established 1st psych lab in Leipzig, Germany in 1879, designed experiment to test how long people press a key after hearing a ball drop.

Ivan Pavlov

________- Russian scientist that used classical conditioning (partnering one thing with another) on dogs (early 1900s)

Skepticism

________- scrutinize competing claims.

Population

________- all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.

specific set of circumstances

Applied research- applying research directed at a(n) ________.

confidentiality

Informed consent- protection from harm, discomfort, ________, debriefing are key to ethical research.

Experiment

________- research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.

Humility

________- we may have to reject our own ideas.

Positive psychology

________- research human strengths and human flourishing.

Neuroscience

________ perspective- how the body and brain enable memories, emotions, and sensory experiences.

Operational definitions

________- statements of the procedure that defines measurable research variables.

Behaviorists

________- psychologists that say psychology should be a science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

Introspection

________- examine ones own emotional states and mental processes.

Independent

________ variable- the variable that is actually being manipulated and studied.

Theory

________- organizes a wide range of observations.

cultural perspective

Social- ________- how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.

process of prediction

Describe positive and negative correlations, and explain how correlational measures can aid the ________ but not provide evidence of cause- effect relationships.

negative correlation

A(n) ________ is when two sets of scores relate inversely, one going up and one going down.

William James

________- psychologist, wanted to consider functions of our thoughts and feelings, linked it to evolution.

Edward Titchener

________- British psychologist, aimed to discover minds structure.

Biopsychosocial approach

________- integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological and social- cultural levels of analysis.

B F Skinner

________- behaviorist, rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior.

Humanistic psychology

________- emphasizes humans potential for growth and the importance of love and acceptance.

Evolutionary perspective

________- how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of our genes.

Wilhelm Wundt

German philosopher, established 1st psych lab in Leipzig, Germany in 1879, designed experiment to test how long people press a key after hearing a ball drop

Edward Titchener

British psychologist, aimed to discover minds structure

Structuralism

early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener that used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

Introspection

examine ones own emotional states and mental processes

Charles Darwin/ natural selection/ evolution

from among chance variations, nature selects traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

William James

psychologist, wanted to consider functions of our thoughts and feelings, linked it to evolution

Functionalism

early school of thought promoted by James that explored mental and behavioral process functions and how they help organisms adapt, structure, and flourish

Ivan Pavlov

Russian scientist that used classical conditioning (partnering one thing with another) on dogs (early 1900s)

Sigmund Freud

(influenced psychiatry, psychoanalysis, and dream interpretation) emphasized the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior (ego, repression, fixation, sibling rivalry)

John Watson

championed psychology as the scientific study of behavior, worked with Skinner to dismiss introspection

B. F. Skinner

behaviorist, rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior

Behaviorists

psychologists that say psychology should be a science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Humanistic psychology

emphasizes humans potential for growth and the importance of love and acceptance

Cognitive neuroscience

studies brain activity and how we perceive, process, and remember information

Todays definition of psychology

science of behavior and mental processes

Nature-nurture issue

nurture works on what nature gives us, controversy over whether or not genes or experience form and affect development of psychological traits and behaviors

Biopsychosocial approach

integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological and social-cultural levels of analysis

evolutionary perspective

how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of our genes

behavior genetics perspective

how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

psychodynamic perspective

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

behavioral perspective

how we learn observable responses

cognitive perspective 

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

social-cultural perspective 

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

basic research

all seven perspectives used to test fundamental theories

applied research

applying research directed at a specific set of circumstances

counseling psychology

assists in problems in achieving well-being

clinical psychology

mental health pros who study, assess, and treat people with psych disorders

psychiatry

branch of medicine that have licensed physicians to provide medical treatments for therapy

positive psychology

research human strengths and human flourishing

community psychologists

create social and physical environments that are healthy for all

Overconfidence

tendency to think we know more than we do

Hindsight bias

"I-knew-it-all-along-phenomenon", tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that no one would have foreseen it

Tendency to perceive order in random events

random sequences, patterns and streaks occur more often than people expect

Curiosity

explore and understand the world without being fooled by it

Skepticism

scrutinize competing claims

Humility

we may have to reject our own ideas

Theory

organizes a wide range of observations

Hypotheses

testable prediction of a theory

Operational definitions

statements of the procedure that defines measurable research variables

Replication

trying it again using the same operational definitions of the concepts and procedures, if results differ the original results may have been in error

Case study

examining one individual in-depth, learn a lot about one persons behavior, but drawback its over-generalization to all people

Naturalistic observation

observing "natural behavior" means just watching/taking notes, can be used to study more than one person which can be applied to a broader population

Survey

gather information from many people based on self-reporting, must be careful about wording effects, lying, bias

Population

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

Random sample

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Correlation coefficient

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (how close 2 things vary together, how well one predicts the other)

Scatterplots

graphed cluster of dots, each of which represent the values of two variables

Experiment

research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

Randomly assigning

participants are randomly put in either the control (placebo) or experimental group

Experimental group

group exposed to treatment (independent variable)