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What muscle tissue controls digestion
Smooth muscle.
What muscle is voluntary
Skeletal muscle.
What does skeletal muscle do
Moves bones and enables voluntary movement.
What muscle moves the face
Facial muscles, specifically skeletal muscles.
What is unique about cardiac muscle
It contracts rhythmically without needing external stimulation.
Which muscle has branching cells
Cardiac muscle.
What is the heart's muscle called
Myocardium.
What muscle moves hollow organs
Smooth muscle.
What muscle type causes peristalsis
Smooth muscle.
How are smooth muscle cells shaped
Spindle-shaped.
What restores function: regeneration or fibrosis
Regeneration.
What affects healing: injury location or tissue type
Tissue type.
What does granulation tissue support
Wound healing by providing a base for new tissue formation.
Which muscle tissue regenerates poorly
Cardiac muscle.
What tissue type does NOT help with respiration
Epithelial tissue.
What does connective tissue support
Provides structural and metabolic support for other tissues and organs.
What is the extracellular matrix
A network of proteins and other molecules that provides support to cells.
What connective fiber is elastic
Elastic fibers.
What fiber is collagen
Collagen fibers, providing strength and structure.
What cells are in cartilage
Chondrocytes.
Which cartilage is most common
Hyaline cartilage.
What is fibrocartilage's function
Provides shock absorption, especially in intervertebral discs.
What stores fat
Adipose tissue.
What are chondrocytes
Cells that produce and maintain cartilage.
What tissue is compressible
Cartilage, particularly fibrocartilage.
What tissue cushions the vertebrae
Fibrocartilage in intervertebral discs.
What's the main element in dense connective tissue
Collagen fibers.
What does blood do
Transports nutrients, gases, and waste.
What does mRNA do
Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
What connects DNA triplets to mRNA codons
Transcription.
What are the mRNA codons for AAT-CGT-TCG
UUA-GCA-AGC.
Define epithelial tissue
Tissue that covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.
What are the four main body tissues
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
What is NOT an epithelial function
Contraction.
What is epithelial tissue specialized for
Protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion.
What epithelial tissue lines the lungs
Simple squamous epithelium.
What is simple columnar epithelium for
Absorption and secretion, especially in the digestive tract.
What does transitional epithelium do
Allows the bladder to stretch and expand.
What is a selectively permeable membrane
A membrane that allows certain substances to pass while restricting others.
What transport uses ATP
Active transport.
What transport doesn't need energy
Passive transport (e.g., diffusion).
What moves water across a membrane
Osmosis.
What happens to cells in hypertonic solutions
They shrink due to water loss.
What drives diffusion
Concentration gradient.
What does facilitated diffusion move
Molecules across the membrane via protein channels.
What does filtration do in kidneys
Removes waste from the blood.
What moves substances against a gradient
Active transport.
What does the sodium-potassium pump do
Moves sodium out of and potassium into cells against their concentration gradients.
What does exocytosis do
Releases substances out of the cell.
What is phagocytosis called
Cell "eating."
What do cilia do in the respiratory system
Move mucus and trapped particles out of the airways.
How does cell shape affect function
Cell shape is often related to its specific function.
How many types of cells are in the body
Over 200 types.
What do microvilli increase
Surface area for absorption.
What do erythrocytes carry
Oxygen.
What do fibroblasts do
Produce collagen and extracellular matrix in connective tissue.
What do intermediate fibers resist
Mechanical stress.
What do white blood cells do
Defend against infection and disease.
What do nerve cells control
Transmit signals for communication throughout the body.
What is the Cell Theory
States that all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
What percentage of cells is water
About 70-80%.
What does the nucleus do
Controls cell activities and stores DNA.
What is the plasma membrane's role
Regulates entry and exit of substances.
What do glycoproteins do in the membrane
Play roles in cell recognition and signaling.
What do desmosomes do
Provide strong adhesion between cells.
What is a connexon
A protein channel that links adjacent cells in gap junctions.
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