Psychology - Psychopathology

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45 Terms

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Statistical Infrequency
Occurs when an individual has a less common characteristic
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Deviation From Social Norms
Concerns behaviour that is different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a community or society
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Intellectual Disability Disorder
* 68% of people have an average score of between 85-115
* 2% of people score below 70 and they are liable to an IDD diagnosis
* An example of statistical infrequency
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Failure To Function Adequately
Occurs when someone is unable to cope with ordinary demands of day-to-day living
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Deviation From Ideal Mental Health
Occurs when someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health
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Rosenhan and Seligman - Failure to Function
Proposed additional signs which can be used to determine functioning failure:

* When a person no longer conforms to standard interpersonal rules
* Experiences of severe personal distress
* When behaviour becomes erratic and dangerous to themselves and others
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Jahoda - Ideal Mental Health Criteria
* No symptoms or distress
* Rational and accurate self perception
* Self-actualise
* Coping with stress
* Realistic view of the world
* Good self-esteem and lack of guilt
* Independent
* Success in work, love and leisure
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Phobia
An irrational fear of an object or situation
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Behavioural
Ways in which people act
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Emotional
Related to a persons feelings or mood
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Cognitive
Refers to the process of ‘knowing’
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DSM-5 Categories Of Phobias
* Specific phobias - phobia of an object or a situation
* Social phobia - phobia of a social situation
* Agoraphobia - phobia of being outside or in a public space
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Behavioural Characteristics of Phobias
* Panic
* Avoidance
* Endurance
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Emotional Characteristics of Phobias
* Anxiety
* Fear
* Unreasonable emotional response
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Cognitive Characteristics of Phobias
* Selective attention
* Irrational beliefs
* Cognitive distortions
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Depression
A mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels
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DSM-5 Categories of Depression
* Major depressive disorder - severe but often short-term depression


* Persistent depressive disorder - long term recurring depression
* Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder - childhood temper tantrums
* Premenstrual dysphoric disorder - disruption to mood prior to and/or during menstruation
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Behavioural Characteristics of Depression
* Activity levels
* Disruption to sleep and eating
* Aggression and self-harm
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Emotional Characteristics of Depression
* Lowered mood
* Anger
* Lowered self-esteem
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Cognitive Characteristics of Depression
* Poor concentration
* Focus on negatives
* Absolutist thinking (black and white)
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
A condition characterised by obsessions and/or compulsions
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Compulsion
A behavioural urge
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Obsession
A cognitive event that results in obsessive thoughts
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DSM-5 Categories of OCD
* OCD
* Trichotillomania - compulsive hair pulling
* Hoarding disorder - compulsive gathering of possessions
* Excoriation disorder - compulsive skin picking
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Behavioural Characteristics of OCD
* Repetition of compulsions
* Compulsions are completed to reduce anxiety
* Avoidance
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Emotional Characteristics of OCD
* Anxiety and distress
* Accompanying depression
* Guilt and disgust
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Cognitive Characteristics of OCD
* Obsessive thoughts
* Cognitive coping strategies
* Insight into excessive anxiety
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Two-Process Model
An explanation for the onset and persistence of disorders that create anxiety. The two-processes are classical conditioning for onset and operant conditioning for persistence
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Watson and Rayner - Classical Conditioning (Little Albert)
* Created a phobia in a 9-month-old baby
* Showed no unusual anxiety when shown a white rat
* A loud noise was then made every time the rat was then shown frightening the child
* White furry objects were then able to cause an anxiety response
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Systematic Desensitisation
A behavioural therapy designed to reduce an unwanted response such as anxiety. SD involves drawing a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking situations related to a person’s phobic stimulus, teaching the person to relax, and then exposing them to the phobic stimulus
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Flooding
A behavioural therapy in which a person with a phobia is exposed to an extreme form of a phobic stimulus in order to reduce anxiety triggered by that stimulus. This takes place across a small number of long therapy sessions
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Negative Triad
Beck proposed that there are three kinds of negative thinking that contribute towards becoming depressed: negative view of the world, future and self. This creates a higher vulnerability to depression
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ABC Model
Ellis proposed that depression occurs when an activating agent (A) triggers an irrational belief (B) which produces a consequence (C)
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Cognitive Vulnerability
A set of beliefs or attitudes thought to make a person vulnerable to emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety
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Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
Aims to help a person challenge unhelpful thoughts to avoid negative emotions or behaviours
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Irrational Thoughts
In Ellis’s model and therapy, these are defined as thoughts that are likely to interfere with a person’s happiness. Such dysfunctional thoughts lead to mental disorders such as depression
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Behavioural Activation
Working with depressed individuals to gradually decrease their avoidance and isolation, and increase their engagement in activities that have been shown to improve moods
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March Et Al - CBT Effectiveness
* Compared CBT to antidepressants and a combination of both with 327 depressed adolescents
* After 36 weeks, 81% of the CBT and antidepressant group improved
* 86% of the combined
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Ali Et Al - Depression Relapse Rates
* Assessed depression in 439 clients every month for a year following a CBT course
* 42% relapsed within 6 months
* 53% within a year
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Lewis - Genetic Explanation for OCD
* 37% of patients had parents with OCD and 21% had siblings with it
* Suggests OCD is genetic providing evidence for genetic vulnerability
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Cromer Et Al - Environmental OCD Risk Factors
* Found that over half the OCD clients in the sample had experienced a traumatic event in their past
* OCD was more severe in those with multiple traumas
* Evidence of genetic vulnerability only being a partial explanation
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
SSRIs effectively increase levels of serotonin in the synapse by preventing the reabsorption and breakdown
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Drug Therapy
Treatment involving drugs, usually affecting neurotransmitter levels effecting the functioning of the brain
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Alternatives to SSRIs
* Tricyclics - same effect as SSRIs with more serious side-effects
* SNRIs (serotonin-noadrenaline reuptake inhibitors) - increase level of serotonin as well as noadrenaline
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Soomro Et Al - SSRI Evidence
* Reviewed17 studies which showed significantly better outcomes than the placebo conditions
* Symptoms typically reduced by 70%