World History II Midterm

John Locke

Natural rights (life, liberty, property) and everyone is born with a blank mind and learn through experience (Tabula Rasa), so everyone is equal

Montesquieu

Wrote "Persian Letters" criticizing French government, argued religious tolerance, classified systems of government (separation of power)

Rousseau

Social contract

Social Contract

Made by Rousseau, claims government should protect natural rights, and if they don't the people can make a new government

Natural Rights

Life liberty and property

Laissez Faire

Hands off government; the government should not interfere in the economy

Enlightened despot

Ruler who adopted some Enlightenment ideas (especially with rational government) but kept divine right and absolute power. The wanted effective government and a prosperous economy.

Bourgeoisie

Middle class

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to stick together and continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Estates General

Assembly of representatives from each class, but is unfair because lower class is always outvoted

Storming of the Bastile

July 14, 1789, peasants stormed Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison for ammunition and guards shot into the crowd, sparking the revolution

The Great Fear

The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.

Conservatives

Wanted to spread the ideas of nationalism and bring Europe "back"
Legitimacy; "legitimate" rulers back on throne, social hierarchy with lower class respected upper class
Wanted change to come slow if it came at all

Liberals

Change; Government based on written constitution to protect individual freedom, oppose divine right, and have laissez faire economics

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).; French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

Symbols of the French Revolution

-severed head on pike
-Tri-color flag
-La Marseillaise (national anthem)
-The Guillotine

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Jacobins

Radical political club during the French Revolution who ruled during the Reign of Terror, brains of revolution gaining an upper hand in Legislative Assembly and declaring war on Austria, Prussia, Britain, etc.

Secular

Non religious

Robespierre

“The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue. The last person executed with the guillotine, ending the reign of terror.

Emigres

French nobility who fled the country durning the revolution

Committee of Public Safety

formed to deal with threats to France, this 12-member group had almost absolute power during the revolution, executed who they wanted, led by Robespierre

Olympe de Gouges

Led the Women’s March made about Marie Antoinettes luxury. They marched into Versailles and took the king and queen to Paris

Georges Danton

French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror, 1st president of Committee of Public safety, moderate views and opposed RoT, tried to play both sides,

Reign of Terror

the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

Napoleonic Code

Lasting reform that codified laws set by Napoleon, embodied enlightenment principles, rights to choose profession, property rights protected, religious tolerance, abolished feudalism, all male citizens equal, suppressed press

Congress of Vienna

After the Battle of Waterloo diplomats and heads of the state met, redrawing the map Europe and attempting to create lasting peace while preserving old order (Wanted to create balance of power, protect system of monarcy, prevent French expansion/ make sure no one cam as powerful as Napoleon, craved stability)

Confederation of the Rhine

small German speaking countries that needed protection (not Prussia and Austria) who were dependent on Napoleon

Puppet monarchy

Countries not under Napoleons control, but that owe him

Many had Napoleons relatives on their throne

Annex

To take control of, usually referring to land

Battle of Trafalgar

Battle in which the British Navy smashed the French fleet

Against Admiral Horatio Nelson who was snipped

Ended in 1805, ending Napoleons plans to invade Britain

Directory

5 member panel given executive power after Robespierre’s execution that became republic and struggled find stability in internal chaos and war, attempting to stand in political center. Failed to solve financial problems, but successful in Peace treaty with Spain and Prussia s armies advanced to Rhineland and Holland. Napoleon overthrew it in the coup d’etat, establishing the French consulate

Continental System

Napoleons response to the battle of Trafalgar in which European countries (not England) joined together to close European ports to British goods

Legitimacy

Belief that a ruler has the right to govern

Scorched earth policy

When Napoleon attacked Russia, they burnt everything so Napoleon couldn’t get it, making it impossible for Napoleons army to survive on what was left

Abdicate

Renounce one’s throne (Napoleon abdicated to St. Helena)

Enclosure

the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers, creating a ready workforce; large farms take over small farms, putting small landowners out of work

Smelt

The process by which ore is melted to separate the useful metal from other elements, Abraham Darby thought of smelting iron with coal instead of charcoal (coal more abundant, cheaper, and better quality which helped make steam engine parts, iron bridges, and railroad tracks)

Capital

money for investment

Factory

Heart of the industrial rev.

New tech and industrialization increased productivity, but workers labored in unsafe and unpleasant working conditions

Turnpike

road on which tolls are collected, allowed more travelers

Urbanization

The expansion of cities and an increase in the number of people living in them

Thomas Newcomen

developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines

Cottage Industry

a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes, putting out system

Textiles

type of cloth or woven fabric

Textile production went from cottage industry to mechanized one where workers made sure the carding spinning and weaving machines never stopped

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (coal harnessed to produce power- 1st power source to run factories, trains, and steamships)

Entrepreneur

Men who opened new businesses and allowed economy to boom

The Wealth of Nations

Book written by Scottish economic enlightenment thinker Adam Smith in 1776 in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies/ laissez faire economics

Tenement

building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety where most of the working class lived

Thomas Mathus

British economist who wrote An Essay on the Principles of Population and warned that human population can outgrow food supply; result will be war, famine, disease.

Labor union

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members; A group like the Luddites that protested unfair working conditions

Utopians

Early socialist impractical dreamers like Robert Owens who made a utopian community to show socialist ideas could work and could make profit and still offer decent wages and conditions, but competition and society not “being there” yet meant it didn’t work out.

Karl Marx

recognized as the father of communism, Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society, Co-wrote the communist Manifesto

Communist Manifesto

1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes; book that began communist movement

Socialism

political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. A small elite controls all politics and economics.

Proletariat

working class that Marx predicted would stage a revolution and set up a classless society; the have nots of the working class; lived in slums/ tenements

Autonomy

self-government

Chancellor

Highest official of a monarch

Realpolitik

"realistic politics," practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles

Kaiser

Emperor

Reich

German word meaning empire/nation

Otto von Bismark

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist who wanted 1 unified German state, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)
"Iron and Blood," mastered Realpolitik

Iron Chancellor

Otto von Bismarck got this nickname because of his strong military skills

Franco-Prussian War

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

Social welfare

Programs to help certain groups of people in society

Mazzini

Nationalist leader who founded Young Italy (Secret Society that wanted Italian Unification) in the 1830's, soul of Italian nationalism

Garibaldi

Nationalist who led Read Shirts, sword of Italian nationalism

Victor Emmanuel

Monarch of Sardinia (aka Piedmont) who made Count Camilo Cavour Prime Minister and whose ultimate goal was to drive Austria out of Italy and annex more provinces, crowned king of Italy 1861 and Italy became constitutional monarchy won Venetia and Austro Prussian war and won Rome and Papal States in Franco Prussia War

Camilo Cavour

Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy. Brain of Italian nationalism

Redshirts

Nationalistic volunteer force of 1000's of men created and led by Guiseppe Garibaldi to end foreign control of Italy during the 19th century.

Anarchist

People who opposed any form of government

Emigration

Leaving ones country to go to another permanently

Dual monarchy

An 1867 compromise to resolve the nationalities problem by creating the empire of Austria and the kingdom of Hungary, with a common ministry for finance, foreign affairs, and war

Alexander II

The reform tsar- Ruler of Russia who came to the throne in 1855 (during Crimean War); responsible for some reforms in Russia (establishment of local government in form of elected assemblies/ zemstovs, legal reforms like trail by jury, reduction in military services), but was eventually assassinated by radicals

Alexander III

Russification (undoes many of Alex II reforms), persecution of Jews increased under him, pogrom, secret police, exiled critics

Russification

The act of making Russian (refers to Jews, etc.)

Bloody Sunday

Jan. 1905- Tsar’s soldiers fired on crowd, killing/wounding hundreds after Fr. Georgi Capon organized peaceful march in St. Petersburg

Emancipation

Act of freeing someone usually from slavery or serfdom

Pogrom

Violent mob attack on Jewish people

Russian Revolution of 1905

After Bloody Sunday, strikes all over the country, universities shut down, middle class workers established Union of Unions and demanded representative assembly, Potemkin unity (people on Potemkin battle ship planned to overthrow ship, rally peasants, and overthrow tsar, but it failed because time table was thrown of), railwaymen strike, St. Petersburg Soviet (elected representative body for region) established

Duma

Elected national legislature in Russia (had little power because the ruler could dissolve at any time)

Imperialism

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle; saw imperialism as natures way of improving the human race

Colonies

country/ area under political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

Protectorates

a region in which a local ruler was left in place but expected to follow the advice of European advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity

Sphere of influence

foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities. Colonial powers claimed exclusive rights to trade/invest in a particular area with a goal of preventing conflict with other colonial powers

Suez Canal

canal in Egypt that Britain got in the scramble for Africa

Muhammad Ali and Ottoman army officer seized Egypt and bought Egypts share in the Suez Canal

Boer War

Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa. Britain won control of South Africa after a fierce fight with the Zulu who couldn't match the Boers weapons or the British. In Rorkes Dirft 150 British soldiers won against 4000 Zulu's.

British Raj

The name for the British government's military rule of India between 1858 and 1947.

Sepoy

Hindu and Muslim soldiers who rebelled in 1857 (Sepoy Mutiny) because the British were insensitive to their customs

Viceroy

British official who ruled India in the name of the queen

Pacifism

belief that any violence, including war, is unjustifiable under any circumstances, and that all disputes should be settled by peaceful means.

Triple Entenete

France, Great Britain, Russia

Neutrality

position of not taking sides in a conflict (ex. Belgium)

Balkan Powder Keg

Nickname for Ottoman empire because several Balkan states fought wars, Pan-Slavism meant Russia supported Serbian uprising which Austria Hungary wanted to prevent, making in a direct cause of WW1.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist, sparking WW1.

Ultimatum

Final set of demands

Stalemate

Deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other

No mans land

Place in between the trenches in trench warfare