fetal pig-human physiology

Diaphragm

breathing; permits inhalation & exhalation

Liver

Secretes Bile

Gall Bladder

Stores bile secreted by the liver & releases it to the duodenum

Small intestine

majority of digestion occurs here

Duodenum, Jejunum, ileum

Small intestine is made up of these:

Mesentery

Membrane that holds together the coils of small intestine

Large Intestine

Compact coiled mass; considered the last part of the digestive system

Pancreas

Embedded in glandular material; produces enzymes

Spleen

Dark-colored elongated organ; filters blood

Kidney

Reddish-brown pair of bean-shaped organs; filters urine

Thymus gland

Partially covers the heart; enlarged in the fetus

Heart

Consists of 2 atria and 2 ventricles; pumps blood throughout body

Lungs

used for breathing

5

How many lobes for a human lungs?

7

How many lobes for pig lungs?

Diaphragm

What separates the upper and lower body cavities?

Falciform Ligament

What attaches the liver to the diaphragm?

Cardiac, Fundus, Body, Pyloric

What are the 4 parts of the stomach?

Cardiac

The upper portion of the stomach that is connected to the esophagus

Fundus

Middle portion of the stomach that stores food and gas

Body

Central and largest portion of the stomach

Pyloric

Lower portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine

The mesentery

What must you cut to unravel the small intestine?

Adrenal Gland

What gland is located near the anterior end of the kidney?

Appendicitis

What can a pig not get?

Pectoralis Major

Acts to draw the forelimb toward chest

Pectoralis Minor

To adduct and retract forelimb

External Obliques

Compress abdominal wall and aid in flexion of trunk

Gracilis

Adducts the thigh

Brachiocephalic

Moves the forelimb anteriorly

Gastrocnemius

Extensor of ankle

Tibialis Anterior

Flexes Ankle

Triceps brachii long head
Triceps brachii lateral head
Triceps brachii medial head

Extends forelimb at elbow

Biceps femoris, Semi-tendinosus, semi-membranous

What three muscles are part of the hamstring

What do the hamstrings action do?

Retracts knee, flexes shank, and abducts thigh

Brachiocephalic, Acromiotrapezius, and Spinotrapezius

Three muscles in the trapezius

Brachiocephalic

Moves forelimb anteriorly

Acromiotrapezius

Pull scapula to mid-dorsal line

Spinotrapezius

Pulls the scapula mid-dorsally

Biceps Brachii

Primary flexor of lower foreleg

Rhomboideus Capitis and Rhomboideus (cervical/thoracic)

Act upon scapula & hold it in place & draw it forward

Spinalis, Longissimus, and Illiocostalis

Extensor dorsi communis

Extensor of the spine

What is the action of the Extensor dorsi communis?

Sartorius and Gracilis

What two muscles does the femoral artery pass between?

Transect

Cut across at an angle

Reflect

Fold/move a structure to expose something that was cut underneath it

Dissect

Cut open and seperate tissues

Intercostal Muscles

What are the major muscles of respiration?

Brachial Cephalic

What is another name for the clavotrapezius muscle?

-rectus femoris
-vastus lateralis
-vastus medialis
-vastus intermedius

What 4 muscles makes up the Quadriceps femoris (in humans)?

Ertecor Spinae

What muscle in humans is equal to the Extensor dorsi communis in pigs?

-skin covered with hair of fur

-milk producing glands (mammary glands) in the female to nurse the young

What are 2 chief characteristics of mammals?

Testes, penis, scrotum, and urogenital opening

What does a male pig have? (that female doesn’t)

Genital papillae and external genital opening

What does a female pig have? (that male doesn’t)

Both male and female pigs. But the female pigs are more developed.

In what sex are the mammary papillae located on?

cranial and facial

The skull is composed of the blank and blank bones?

-frontal

-parietal (2)

-temporal (2)

-occipital

-sphenoid

-ethmoid

Name the eight cranial bones.

Pig vertebral column has 51-66 bones.

Human vertebral column has 33 bones.

How do the vertebral columns of man and pig differ?

Atlas: 1st cervical vertebrae

Axis: 2nd cervical vertebrae

Identify the atlas and axis.

-malleus

-incus

-stapes

Name the 3 auditory ossicles.

-ilium

-ischium

-pubis

The pelvis is composed of 3 bones. What are they?

-hyoid bone

Which is the only bone of the human body which does not articulate with another bone?

-clavicle

Name a bone of man missing in the pig.

-zygomatic bones

-pterygoid bones

What is the paired bone of a pig called? (give both names)

snout

A blunt tip, ending with a disc-like, pliable but firm structure composed of cartilage

umbilical cord

Extends from the mid-ventral abdominal surface

umbilical arteries

There are two of these present in the umbilical cord.

Periderm

The skin of the pig.

Genital Papillae

Only present in the female pig near the genital region.

External Nares

The nostrils of the pig

Urogenital Opening

Used in both urinary and reproductive

Umbilical Vein

There is only one of these present in the umbilical chord.

External Genital Opening

Only present in the female pig. (genital opening)

Pinnae

External Ears

Anus

The terminal opening of the digestive tract

Scrotum

Only present in males

Mammary Papillae

The nipples of the pig

Eyes

Spread the upper and lower eyes lids to see this structure.

Testes

Located internally in the male pig in the scrotum

Penis

Located internally in the male pig near the genital region

Anterior (Cranial)

Toward the head

Posterior (Caudal)

Toward the tail

Dorsal (Superior)

Toward the backbone

Ventral (Inferior)

Toward the side

Lateral

Toward the side

Medial

Toward the midline

Proximal

Lying near the point of reference

Distal

Lying further from the point of reference

Transverse (Cross Section)

Perpendicular to the long axis of the body

Sagittal

A longitudinal section separating the body into right and left sides

Frontal (Coronal)

A longitudinal section dividing the specimen into dorsal and ventral parts

Omnivore characteristics

Animals that consume both plant and meat matter.

15-20 years

Lifespan

Placental

refers to the placenta a vital organ that exchanges nutrients between a mother and child

Uterus

the bicornate organ comprised of two uterine horns, which are the primary site of fetal development

Placenta

a means of transferring nutrients from the mother to the fetus

Gestation

the period of time between the fertilization of the egg and the birth of the piglet

Umbilical Cord

It functions in the bringing of food and oxygen to the fetus and the removal of wastes

Quadruped

Move on all four limbs

Biped

Move on two feet