[PT11] Terminologies

anatomical position

fundamental position

anterior

front surface of the body or structure

posterior

back surface of the body or structure

superficial

near the surface

deep

further from the surface

internal

nearer the inside

external

nearer the outside

lateral

away from the mid-line

medial

towards the mid-line

superior

situated above or towards the upper part

inferior

situated below or towards the lower part

proximal

nearest to the point of reference

distal

furthest away from the point of reference

prone

lying face down in a horizontal position

supine

lying face up in a horizontal position

sagittal plane

frontal/coronal plane

transverse plane

- head and neck
- trunk
- upper limbs
- lower limbs

the anatomical regions of the body

cephalic

anatomical term for head

cervical

anatomical term for neck

cranial

anatomical term for skull

frontal

anatomical term for forehead

occipital

anatomical term for back of the head

ophthalmic

anatomical term for eyes

oral

anatomical term for mouth

nasal

anatomical term for nose

axillary

anatomical term for armpit

costal

anatomical term for ribs

mammary

anatomical term for breast

pectoral

anatomical term for chest

vertebral

anatomical term for backbone

abdominal

anatomical term for abdomen

gluteal

anatomical term for buttocks

inguinal

anatomical term for groin

lumbar

anatomical term for lower back

pelvic

anatomical term for pelvis/lower part of abdomen

umbilical

anatomical term for navel

perineal

anatomical term for area between anus external genitalia

pubic

anatomical term for pubis

brachial

anatomical term for upper arm

carpal

anatomical term for wrist

cubital

anatomical term for elbow

forearm

anatomical term for lower arm

palmar

anatomical term for palm

digital

anatomical term for fingers/toes

femoral

anatomical term for thigh

patellar

anatomical term for front of knee

pedal

anatomical term for foot

plantar

anatomical term for sole of foot

popliteal

anatomical term for hollow behind knee

osteokinematics

deals with the relationship of the movement of bones around a joint axis (e.g., humerus moving on scapula)

arthrokinematics

deals with the relationship of joint surface movement (e.g. humeral head’s movement within glenoid fossa of scapula)

flexion

is the bending movement of one bone on another, causing a decrease in the joint angle

hyperextension

the continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position

palmar flexion

flexion at the wrist

plantar flexion

flexion at the ankle

dorsiflexion

extension of wrist or ankle joints

abduction

movement away from the midline of the body

adduction

movement toward the midline

horizontal abduction

the shoulder joint is flexed to 90 degrees and then abducted

horizontal adduction

the shoulder is adducted from this 90-degree position

radial deviation

the hand moves laterally, or toward the thumb side

ulnar deviation

the hand moves medially from the anatomical position toward the little finger side at the wrist

inversion

moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle

eversion

moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle

supination

rotation of the forearm so that it faces the palm of the hand forward, or anteriorly

pronation

rotation of the forearm wherein the palm is facing backward, or posteriorly

rotation

movement of a bone or part around its longitudinal axis

medial rotation/internal rotation

type of rotation wherein the anterior surface moves inward toward the midline

lateral rotation/external rotation

type of rotation wherein the anterior surface moves outward away from the midline

circumduction

motion that describes a circular cone-shaped pattern

(1) flexion
(2) aBduction
(3) extension
(4) aDduction

the four joint motions of circumduction

lateral bending/lateral flexion

when the trunk moves sideways/sideward motion