anatomical position
fundamental position
anterior
front surface of the body or structure
posterior
back surface of the body or structure
superficial
near the surface
deep
further from the surface
internal
nearer the inside
external
nearer the outside
lateral
away from the mid-line
medial
towards the mid-line
superior
situated above or towards the upper part
inferior
situated below or towards the lower part
proximal
nearest to the point of reference
distal
furthest away from the point of reference
prone
lying face down in a horizontal position
supine
lying face up in a horizontal position
sagittal plane
frontal/coronal plane
transverse plane
head and neck
trunk
upper limbs
lower limbs
the anatomical regions of the body
cephalic
anatomical term for head
cervical
anatomical term for neck
cranial
anatomical term for skull
frontal
anatomical term for forehead
occipital
anatomical term for back of the head
ophthalmic
anatomical term for eyes
oral
anatomical term for mouth
nasal
anatomical term for nose
axillary
anatomical term for armpit
costal
anatomical term for ribs
mammary
anatomical term for breast
pectoral
anatomical term for chest
vertebral
anatomical term for backbone
abdominal
anatomical term for abdomen
gluteal
anatomical term for buttocks
inguinal
anatomical term for groin
lumbar
anatomical term for lower back
pelvic
anatomical term for pelvis/lower part of abdomen
umbilical
anatomical term for navel
perineal
anatomical term for area between anus external genitalia
pubic
anatomical term for pubis
brachial
anatomical term for upper arm
carpal
anatomical term for wrist
cubital
anatomical term for elbow
forearm
anatomical term for lower arm
palmar
anatomical term for palm
digital
anatomical term for fingers/toes
femoral
anatomical term for thigh
patellar
anatomical term for front of knee
pedal
anatomical term for foot
plantar
anatomical term for sole of foot
popliteal
anatomical term for hollow behind knee
osteokinematics
deals with the relationship of the movement of bones around a joint axis (e.g., humerus moving on scapula)
arthrokinematics
deals with the relationship of joint surface movement (e.g. humeral head’s movement within glenoid fossa of scapula)
flexion
is the bending movement of one bone on another, causing a decrease in the joint angle
hyperextension
the continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
palmar flexion
flexion at the wrist
plantar flexion
flexion at the ankle
dorsiflexion
extension of wrist or ankle joints
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
movement toward the midline
horizontal abduction
the shoulder joint is flexed to 90 degrees and then abducted
horizontal adduction
the shoulder is adducted from this 90-degree position
radial deviation
the hand moves laterally, or toward the thumb side
ulnar deviation
the hand moves medially from the anatomical position toward the little finger side at the wrist
inversion
moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle
eversion
moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle
supination
rotation of the forearm so that it faces the palm of the hand forward, or anteriorly
pronation
rotation of the forearm wherein the palm is facing backward, or posteriorly
rotation
movement of a bone or part around its longitudinal axis
medial rotation/internal rotation
type of rotation wherein the anterior surface moves inward toward the midline
lateral rotation/external rotation
type of rotation wherein the anterior surface moves outward away from the midline
circumduction
motion that describes a circular cone-shaped pattern
(1) flexion (2) aBduction (3) extension (4) aDduction
the four joint motions of circumduction
lateral bending/lateral flexion
when the trunk moves sideways/sideward motion