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Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
What is the cell theory? (3 parts)
All living things are made up of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells.
Unicellular
Made of a single cell
Multicellular
Made up of more than one cell.
Examples of eukaryotic cells
plants, animals, fungi
Examples of prokaryotic cells
Bacteria and Archaea
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.
Ribosomes
Makes proteins.
cell membrane
Thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
List membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes
Nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apparatus.
What are organelles?
Tiny organs. They work together for the cell to function.
cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell.
Where is the cell wall found?
Plant cells, outside the cell membrane.
Nucleus
The nucleus can be considered 'the brain' of the cell. It controls all cell activities, and inside it, it has a nucleolus, which produces ribosomes. In case of eukaryotes, the nucleus contains genetic material such as DNA. While prokaryotes also contain DNA, they may not necessarily have a nucleus to store it in. Attached to the nuclear membrane, you can find the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another. It is attached to the nucleus.
Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell.
Mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, it is the powerhouse of the cell.
Difference between plant and animal cells
Plant cells have larger vacuoles, chloroplasts and cell walls, while animal cells do not.
Vacuole
Within the cytoplasm of a cell, a cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Chloroplast
Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy.
Chlorophyll
Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis.
purpose of digestive system
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. They can then be absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for energy, growth, and repair.
Teeth role in digestive system
The teeth break down food using the method of mechanical digestion with the help of saliva in the mouth, which has enzymes that also help break down food using chemical digestion.
Parts of the digestive system
mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
What does the oesophagus do?
The oesophagus is the long tube through which food is transported from the mouth to the stomach. The rhythmic contraction of the muscles in the digestive system is called peristalsis. The oesophagus doesn't play any role in mechanical/chemical digestion and is there for only transport.
mechanical digestion
Part of digestion that uses movement and muscles to break down food
chemical digestion
Process by which enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use
stomach role in digestion
The stomach is similar to a hollow bag. The digestive juices it produces are a mix of amylase and enzymes which help break down food. This is chemical digestion, while when it churns and mixes food, it is mechanical digestion.
What is amylase produced by and where does it act?
It's produced by salivary glands and pancreas and acts in the mouth and small intestine.
What is pepsin produced by and where does it act?
Pepsin is produced by and acts in the stomach.
What is lipase produced by and where does it act?
Lipase is produced in the pancreas and acts in the small intestine.
Liver function in the digestive system
One of the liver's many functions is to produce bile, which mixes with food in the small intestine to help dissolve the fats in the food for easy absorption. It also neutralises stomach acids.
Purpose of pancreas in digestive system
The pancreas produces enzymes to help digest food (chemical digestion). It pours enzymes into the food in the small intestine.
Purpose of small intestine in digestive system
The small intestine is where majority of the digestions takes places. Most nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream to be carried off into the cells in your body.
purpose of villi
Located only in the small intestines, the villi are finger-like folds which increase the surface area of the intestines in order to provide further space for the absorption of nutrients. They help the body create energy faster and transport nutrients to blood vessels, and more places at a time.
Purpose of large intestine in digestive system
All food which has not been broken down until this point reaches the large intestine. This is where water is absorbed and where wastes from your food are stored and treated, ready to be expelled from the body.
Purpose of the rectum in digestive system
Solid waste left moving through the large intestine is temporarily stored in the rectum. It is then excreted through the anus in the form of faeces.
purpose of circulatory system
It circulates the blood, oxygen, nutrients and hormones to all cells of the body, and also transports waste including carbon dioxide and urea, taking them to other parts of the body.
How does the circulatory system work?
Pumps blood through the right chambers of the heart and through the lungs, where it acquires oxygen. From there it is pumped back into the left chambers of the heart, where it is pumped into the main artery (aorta), which then sends the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body using a system of veins and capillaries. Finally, the blood completes the circuit by passing through small veins, which join to form increasingly larger vessels. Eventually, the blood reaches the largest veins, which return it to the right side of the heart to complete and restart the process.
What are the 3 main parts of the circulatory system?
The heart, blood vessels, and and blood.
What is the heart's role in the circulatory system?
It is the muscular pump that moves the blood around your body and is also the cause of your pulse.
What are blood vessels' role in the circulatory system?
The blood vessels help separate and remove carbon dioxide from cells and transport it to the heart to be oxygenated again, and the transported out to the rest of the body. It also transports hormones, oxygen (after going through lungs), nutrients, waste (carbon dioxide, urea) and is part of our immune system.
What is blood's role in the circulatory system?
The purpose of the blood in this system is to oxygenate the rest of the cells in the body, and the blood vessels help with this.
How are the heart and blood vessels connected to allow circulation of blood?
Heart is made of chambers which are muscles that contract and push the blood into the vessels which circulates the blood all over the body.
Types of vessels in the circulatory system
arteries, veins, capillaries.
Describe what happens to blood at the lungs
Blood that is deoxygenated is oxygenated at the lungs. The oxygenated blood from the lungs is then transported to all parts of the body. Waste carbon dioxide is picked up from the cells and taken back to the lungs
pulmonary circuit
System of blood vessels that carries blood between the heart and the lungs.
How many chambers does the heart have?
4 (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation?
Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs, while systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
Name the parts of the heart
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava.
right atrium
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body
right ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
left ventricle
Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta
Aorta
The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.
pulmonary artery
Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
pulmonary veins
Carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium.
superior vena cava
Transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart.
inferior vena cava
Carries blood from lower regions of the body to right atrium.
Valves
Flap of tissue in the heart and large veins that prevents blood from flowing backwards.
What is the respiratory system?
This system keeps the body's cells supplied with oxygen & removes carbon dioxide as it is released from cells.
Parts of the respiratory system
Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, lung, alveoli, and lungs.
Nasal cavity
It works as a passage for air to enter the respiratory system and warms and humidifies to air. It also filters out airborne particles. The shape of the nasal cavity makes the air entering ot swirl around.
Pharynx
The pharynx works as an air passage between the nasal cavity and lungs. The vocal cords live here, and further filtration of air occurs. It separates the food which enters into the oesophagus, and air into the trachea
Trachea
The trachea is a tube to move air in and out of lungs. Even further filtration of air happens here and it is held open by C-shaped cartilage.
bronchus
It is a continuation of tube to move air in and out of lungs. and branches out right and left from the trachea to the lungs. It's wrapped in cartilage.
Cartilage
Strong connective tissue that supports the body. It's more flexible than bone.
Lungs
Organs densely packed with sacs that exchange gas. There is one on each side of body. Additionally, the heart sits between lungs.
Alveoli
Tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the diffusion of gas across the capillary membrane.
Diaphargm
It is a large sheet of muscle located at the bottom of ribs. When contracted, the lungs expand allowing air to flow in to them. When relaxed, lungs compress squeezing air out.
intercostal muscles
Muscles which move the rib cage during breathing. When contracted, the lungs expand allowing air to flow in to them.
Why do we breathe?
We breathe to get oxygen to our cells for use in cellular respiration and to get rid of the waste gas carbon dioxide.
purpose of blood
to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormonesand the waste products of metabolism
Haemoglobin
The protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells.
Describe the walls and diameter of arteries
thick and muscular walls to withstand high blood, large diameter to allow maximum blood flow
Describe the walls of the VEINS
Thinner and less elastic and carry blood under low pressure
Describe the walls of capillaries
one cell thick and wide; blood flow slow to allow nutrients and waste to pass between blood and surrounding cells
Which artery doesn't carry oxygenated blood?
pulmonary arteries
What is reproduction?
The process by which new individual organisms - "offspring" are produced from by their "parents".
What are the forms of reproduction?
asexual and sexual
Define asexual reproduction
Offspring are genetically identical to a single parent.
Define sexual reproduction
Two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring.
What are the types of asexual reproduction?
Budding, regeneration, binary fission, runners, spores.