Studied by 1 PersonTags & Description
chambers of heart
right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
valves of heart
tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary semilunar, aortic semiulnar
coronary vessels
right coronary artery, left coronary artery
right coronary artery
posterior descending artery, right marginal artery
left coronary artery
left anterior descending artery, left circumflex artery
layers of heart
pericardium, myocardium, ednocardium
pericardium
fibrous layer, parietal layer, cavity, visceral layer
myocardium
heart muscle
endocardium
inner layer
congenital heart defect
genetic, mostly idiopathic, detected prenatally
malrotation defects
misplacement of a vessel
expansion defects
hypoplastic chambers or vessels
spetal defects
direct connection between atria or ventricles
cardiac shunt
blood flow deviates from the normal pattern
cardiac obstruction
occurs when embryonic vessels fail to expand properly
cyanotic
blood shunts from right to left side of the heart
acyanotic
blood shunts from left to right side of heart
hypoplastic left hear syndrome (HLHS)
underdevelopment of the structures of the left side of the heart
tetralogy of fallot
ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, hypertrophy of the right ventricle
ventricular septal defects (VSD)
opening in ventricular septum, blood from the left ventricle flow to the right ventricle
atrial septal defects (ASD)
opening between the atria
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
opening connecting fetal pulmonary artery to aorta doesn’t close
coronary artery disease (CAD)
ASHD or IHD, lipid deposits form in medium and large coronary arteries
stable plaque
thick fibrous cap protects lipid core of plaque from contact with blood
myocardial ischemia
oxygen demand greater than oxygen supply, chest pain
angina pectoris
pressure, heaviness, tightness in the middle of the chest or around shoulder/arm/throat/jaw
myocardial infarction
heart attack, thrombus forms in coronary artery
zone of infarction
dead/necrotic cells
zone of hypoxic injury
middle layer
zone of ischemia
outermost layer
transmural infarction
necrotic area extends through entire heart wall
subendocardial infarction
necrosis limited to innermost heart layers
heart failure
incapable of maintaining cardiac output
systolic heart failure
weak ventricle does not pump much blood
diastolic heart failure
stiff, non-compliant ventricle does not fill adequately
valvular hear disease
damage to 1 or more valves from congenital defects, infection, other diseases
stenosis
valve does not fully open due to scars, calcification, or other damage
insufficiency
valve does not fully close; blood regurgitates back into heart chamber where it was pumped from
prolapse
valve bulges back into chamber
cardiomyopathy
collection of diverse conditions of the heart muscles
acute infections
result in inflammation of heart muscle
myocarditis
inflammation of heart muscle
rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
immune inflammatory reaction, valves are damaged
streptococci primary infections
skin, pharynx, lungs, and heart valves
streptococci secondary infections
sepsis, meningitis, bacterial endocarditis
noninfectious consequences of streptococci
scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
manifestations of streptococci
murmur, heart failure, polyarthritis
infective endocarditis
direct bacterial infection of heart wall
manifestation of infective endocarditis
fever, leukocytosis, murmur, heart failure, emboli
covid-19 infection
virus enters heart cell by binding to a specific receptor on myocardial cell surface
cardiac complications of covid-19
myocarditis, destabilized & vulnerable plaque leading to MI, heart failure, arrhythmias, thromboembolism
cytokine storm
excessive, uncontrolled immune response
pericarditis
inflammation of pericardiump
pericardial effusion
fluid accumulation around heart
manifestations of pericarditis
pain, heart failure, cardiac tamponade
cardiac tamponade
compression of heart
endocrine system
series of glands and organs that produce and secrete hormones
hormones
chemical messengers of body
pancreas as exocrine organ
secretes pancreatic juice into ducts
pancreas as endocrine organ
secrete pancreatic hormones directly into blood
islets of longerhans
basic unit of pancreas
alpha cells
secrete glucagon
glucagon
stimulates liver output of glucose by converting glycogen to glucose and forming glucose from amino acids
beta cells
secrete insulin
insulin
stimulates cell uptake of glucose from blood
acute pancreatitis
acute, reversible inflammation
etiology of acute pancreatitis
alcohol abuse, gallstones, idiopathic, viral infections
signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis
severe abdominal pain radiating through back
diagnosis of acute pancreatitis
increased amylase and lipase in blood
chronic pancreatitis
repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis
etiology of chronic pancreatitis
alcohol abuse, gallstone, cystic fibrosis
signs and symptoms of chronic pancreatitis
milder, upper abdominal pain radiating through bach
diabetes mellitus
diabetes
diabetes
disorder of insulin action or secretion
etiology of type I diabetes
autoimune disorders
type I diabetes
destruction of islets of langerhans and absolute lack of insulin
etiology of type II diabetes
multifactorial disease
type II diabetes
peripheral cell resistance to the effect of insulin and inadequate secretory response
type I diabetes (cells)
destruction of beta cells
type II diabetes (cells)
beta cells dysfunction
prediabetes
high blood levels of insulin and high-normal fasting blood glucose levels
secondary type II diabetes
pregnancy, drug therapy, endocrine diseases
short term complications of diabetes
diabetic ketoacidosisl
diabetic nephropathy
most common cause of renal failure in the US