Pathology Exam 3

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chambers of heart

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cardiac disorders, endocrine system

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chambers of heart

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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valves of heart

tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary semilunar, aortic semiulnar

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coronary vessels

right coronary artery, left coronary artery

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right coronary artery

posterior descending artery, right marginal artery

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left coronary artery

left anterior descending artery, left circumflex artery

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layers of heart

pericardium, myocardium, ednocardium

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pericardium

fibrous layer, parietal layer, cavity, visceral layer

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myocardium

heart muscle

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endocardium

inner layer

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congenital heart defect

genetic, mostly idiopathic, detected prenatally

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malrotation defects

misplacement of a vessel

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expansion defects

hypoplastic chambers or vessels

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spetal defects

direct connection between atria or ventricles

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cardiac shunt

blood flow deviates from the normal pattern

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cardiac obstruction

occurs when embryonic vessels fail to expand properly

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cyanotic

blood shunts from right to left side of the heart

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acyanotic

blood shunts from left to right side of heart

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hypoplastic left hear syndrome (HLHS)

underdevelopment of the structures of the left side of the heart

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tetralogy of fallot

ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, hypertrophy of the right ventricle

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ventricular septal defects (VSD)

opening in ventricular septum, blood from the left ventricle flow to the right ventricle

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atrial septal defects (ASD)

opening between the atria

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patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

opening connecting fetal pulmonary artery to aorta doesn’t close

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coronary artery disease (CAD)

ASHD or IHD, lipid deposits form in medium and large coronary arteries

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stable plaque

thick fibrous cap protects lipid core of plaque from contact with blood

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myocardial ischemia

oxygen demand greater than oxygen supply, chest pain

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angina pectoris

pressure, heaviness, tightness in the middle of the chest or around shoulder/arm/throat/jaw

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myocardial infarction

heart attack, thrombus forms in coronary artery

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zone of infarction

dead/necrotic cells

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zone of hypoxic injury

middle layer

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zone of ischemia

outermost layer

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transmural infarction

necrotic area extends through entire heart wall

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subendocardial infarction

necrosis limited to innermost heart layers

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heart failure

incapable of maintaining cardiac output

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systolic heart failure

weak ventricle does not pump much blood

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diastolic heart failure

stiff, non-compliant ventricle does not fill adequately

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valvular hear disease

damage to 1 or more valves from congenital defects, infection, other diseases

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stenosis

valve does not fully open due to scars, calcification, or other damage

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insufficiency

valve does not fully close; blood regurgitates back into heart chamber where it was pumped from

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prolapse

valve bulges back into chamber

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cardiomyopathy

collection of diverse conditions of the heart muscles

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acute infections

result in inflammation of heart muscle

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myocarditis

inflammation of heart muscle

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rheumatic heart disease (RHD)

immune inflammatory reaction, valves are damaged

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streptococci primary infections

skin, pharynx, lungs, and heart valves

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streptococci secondary infections

sepsis, meningitis, bacterial endocarditis

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noninfectious consequences of streptococci

scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

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manifestations of streptococci

murmur, heart failure, polyarthritis

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infective endocarditis

direct bacterial infection of heart wall

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manifestation of infective endocarditis

fever, leukocytosis, murmur, heart failure, emboli

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covid-19 infection

virus enters heart cell by binding to a specific receptor on myocardial cell surface

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cardiac complications of covid-19

myocarditis, destabilized & vulnerable plaque leading to MI, heart failure, arrhythmias, thromboembolism

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cytokine storm

excessive, uncontrolled immune response

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pericarditis

inflammation of pericardiump

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pericardial effusion

fluid accumulation around heart

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manifestations of pericarditis

pain, heart failure, cardiac tamponade

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cardiac tamponade

compression of heart

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endocrine system

series of glands and organs that produce and secrete hormones

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hormones

chemical messengers of body

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pancreas as exocrine organ

secretes pancreatic juice into ducts

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pancreas as endocrine organ

secrete pancreatic hormones directly into blood

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islets of longerhans

basic unit of pancreas

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alpha cells

secrete glucagon

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glucagon

stimulates liver output of glucose by converting glycogen to glucose and forming glucose from amino acids

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beta cells

secrete insulin

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insulin

stimulates cell uptake of glucose from blood

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acute pancreatitis

acute, reversible inflammation

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etiology of acute pancreatitis

alcohol abuse, gallstones, idiopathic, viral infections

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signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis

severe abdominal pain radiating through back

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diagnosis of acute pancreatitis

increased amylase and lipase in blood

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chronic pancreatitis

repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis

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etiology of chronic pancreatitis

alcohol abuse, gallstone, cystic fibrosis

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signs and symptoms of chronic pancreatitis

milder, upper abdominal pain radiating through bach

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diabetes mellitus

diabetes

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diabetes

disorder of insulin action or secretion

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etiology of type I diabetes

autoimune disorders

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type I diabetes

destruction of islets of langerhans and absolute lack of insulin

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etiology of type II diabetes

multifactorial disease

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type II diabetes

peripheral cell resistance to the effect of insulin and inadequate secretory response

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type I diabetes (cells)

destruction of beta cells

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type II diabetes (cells)

beta cells dysfunction

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prediabetes

high blood levels of insulin and high-normal fasting blood glucose levels

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secondary type II diabetes

pregnancy, drug therapy, endocrine diseases

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short term complications of diabetes

diabetic ketoacidosisl

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diabetic nephropathy

most common cause of renal failure in the US

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