Pathology Exam 3

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cardiac disorders, endocrine system

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217 Terms

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chambers of heart
right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
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valves of heart
tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary semilunar, aortic semiulnar
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coronary vessels
right coronary artery, left coronary artery
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right coronary artery
posterior descending artery, right marginal artery
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left coronary artery
left anterior descending artery, left circumflex artery
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layers of heart
pericardium, myocardium, ednocardium
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pericardium
fibrous layer, parietal layer, cavity, visceral layer
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myocardium
heart muscle
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endocardium
inner layer
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congenital heart defect
genetic, mostly idiopathic, detected prenatally
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malrotation defects
misplacement of a vessel
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expansion defects
hypoplastic chambers or vessels
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spetal defects
direct connection between atria or ventricles
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cardiac shunt
blood flow deviates from the normal pattern
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cardiac obstruction
occurs when embryonic vessels fail to expand properly
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cyanotic
blood shunts from right to left side of the heart
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acyanotic
blood shunts from left to right side of heart
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hypoplastic left hear syndrome (HLHS)
underdevelopment of the structures of the left side of the heart
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tetralogy of fallot
ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, hypertrophy of the right ventricle
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ventricular septal defects (VSD)
opening in ventricular septum, blood from the left ventricle flow to the right ventricle
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atrial septal defects (ASD)
opening between the atria
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patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
opening connecting fetal pulmonary artery to aorta doesn’t close
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coronary artery disease (CAD)
ASHD or IHD, lipid deposits form in medium and large coronary arteries
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stable plaque
thick fibrous cap protects lipid core of plaque from contact with blood
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myocardial ischemia
oxygen demand greater than oxygen supply, chest pain
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angina pectoris
pressure, heaviness, tightness in the middle of the chest or around shoulder/arm/throat/jaw
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myocardial infarction
heart attack, thrombus forms in coronary artery
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zone of infarction
dead/necrotic cells
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zone of hypoxic injury
middle layer
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zone of ischemia
outermost layer
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transmural infarction
necrotic area extends through entire heart wall
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subendocardial infarction
necrosis limited to innermost heart layers
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heart failure
incapable of maintaining cardiac output
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systolic heart failure
weak ventricle does not pump much blood
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diastolic heart failure
stiff, non-compliant ventricle does not fill adequately
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valvular hear disease
damage to 1 or more valves from congenital defects, infection, other diseases
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stenosis
valve does not fully open due to scars, calcification, or other damage
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insufficiency
valve does not fully close; blood regurgitates back into heart chamber where it was pumped from
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prolapse
valve bulges back into chamber
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cardiomyopathy
collection of diverse conditions of the heart muscles
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acute infections
result in inflammation of heart muscle
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myocarditis
inflammation of heart muscle
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rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
immune inflammatory reaction, valves are damaged
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streptococci primary infections
skin, pharynx, lungs, and heart valves
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streptococci secondary infections
sepsis, meningitis, bacterial endocarditis
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noninfectious consequences of streptococci
scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
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manifestations of streptococci
murmur, heart failure, polyarthritis
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infective endocarditis
direct bacterial infection of heart wall
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manifestation of infective endocarditis
fever, leukocytosis, murmur, heart failure, emboli
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covid-19 infection
virus enters heart cell by binding to a specific receptor on myocardial cell surface
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cardiac complications of covid-19
myocarditis, destabilized & vulnerable plaque leading to MI, heart failure, arrhythmias, thromboembolism
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cytokine storm
excessive, uncontrolled immune response
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pericarditis
inflammation of pericardiump
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pericardial effusion
fluid accumulation around heart
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manifestations of pericarditis
pain, heart failure, cardiac tamponade
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cardiac tamponade
compression of heart
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endocrine system
series of glands and organs that produce and secrete hormones
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hormones
chemical messengers of body
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pancreas as exocrine organ
secretes pancreatic juice into ducts
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pancreas as endocrine organ
secrete pancreatic hormones directly into blood
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islets of longerhans
basic unit of pancreas
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alpha cells
secrete glucagon
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glucagon
stimulates liver output of glucose by converting glycogen to glucose and forming glucose from amino acids
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beta cells
secrete insulin
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insulin
stimulates cell uptake of glucose from blood
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acute pancreatitis
acute, reversible inflammation
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etiology of acute pancreatitis
alcohol abuse, gallstones, idiopathic, viral infections
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signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis
severe abdominal pain radiating through back
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diagnosis of acute pancreatitis
increased amylase and lipase in blood
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chronic pancreatitis
repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis
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etiology of chronic pancreatitis
alcohol abuse, gallstone, cystic fibrosis
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signs and symptoms of chronic pancreatitis
milder, upper abdominal pain radiating through bach
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diabetes mellitus
diabetes
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diabetes
disorder of insulin action or secretion
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etiology of type I diabetes
autoimune disorders
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type I diabetes
destruction of islets of langerhans and absolute lack of insulin
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etiology of type II diabetes
multifactorial disease
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type II diabetes
peripheral cell resistance to the effect of insulin and inadequate secretory response
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type I diabetes (cells)
destruction of beta cells
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type II diabetes (cells)
beta cells dysfunction
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prediabetes
high blood levels of insulin and high-normal fasting blood glucose levels
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secondary type II diabetes
pregnancy, drug therapy, endocrine diseases
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short term complications of diabetes
diabetic ketoacidosisl
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diabetic nephropathy
most common cause of renal failure in the US
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diabetic retinopathy
mixture of exudates, hemorrhages, small aneurysms, scarring
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diabetic neuropathy
nerve irritation, pain, abnormal sensation
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anterior pituitary hormones
adrenocorticotrophic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone
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posterior pituitary hormone
antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin
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thyroxine
T4
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triiodothyronine
T3
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euthyroid
normal blood levels of T4 and T3
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hyperthyroid
high thyroid hormone levels
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hypothyroid
low thyroid hormone levels
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adrenal cortex
under control of pituitary gland, secrets corticosteroids
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adrenal medulla
linked directly to and controlled by the autonomic nervous system; secretes catecholamines
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aldosterone
act on kidney to retain sodium and water, secrete potassium
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cortisol
increase glucose production; suppress immune reaction; limit inflammation to lessen the stress of injury
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sex steriods
estrogens and androgens
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
increase heart rate, dilates bronchioles and coronary arteries, constrict peripheral blood vessels
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parathyroid glands
4 glands, blood calcium controls output of parathyroid hormone