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ventral
refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body
dorsal
refers to the back of the organ or body
anterior
situated in front of or directed toward the front
posterior
situated behind or at the back
superior
uppermost, above, or toward the head
inferior
lowermost, below, or toward the feet
cephalic
toward the head
caudal
toward the lower part of the body
proximal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
distal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
medial
the direction toward, or nearer, the midline
lateral
the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline
vertical plane
an up-and-down plane that is a right angle to the horizon
sagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
midsagittal plane
midline, divides the body into equal left and right halves
frontal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
horizontal plane
a flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon
transverse plane
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
anter/o
before, in front
caud/o
lower part of body, tail
poster/o
behind, toward the back
-stasis, -static
control, maintenance of a constant level
-al
pertaining to
-algia
pain, suffering
appendic/o
appendix
arteri/o
artery
arthr/o
joint
ather/o
plaque, fatty substance
cardi/o
heart
chondr/o
cartilage
col/o
colon
-dynia
pain
dys-
bad, painful, difficult
-ectomy
surgical removal
enter/o
small intestine
gastr/o
stomach
-graphy
process of recording
hem/o
blood
hyper-
excessive
hypo-
under, below
-ic
pertaining to
-itis
inflammation of
laryng/o
larynx
-malacia
abnormal softening
-megaly
enlargement
myc/o
fungus
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
my/o
muscle
-necrosis
tissue death
nephr/o
kidney
neur/o
nerve
-ologist
specialist
-ology
study of
-osis
abnormal condition
oste/o
bone
ot/o
ear
-otomy
surgical incision
-pathy
disease
peri-
surrounding
-plasty
surgical repair
poly-
many
py/o
pus
rhin/o
nose
-rrhage
bleeding, abnormal excessive fluid discharge
-rraphy
to suture or stitch
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-rrhexis
rupture
-sclerosis
abnormal hardening
-scopy
visual examination
-stenosis
abnormal narrowing
sub-
under, below
supra-
above, upper, excessive
eu-
good, normal
dys-
bad, painful, difficult
inter-
between
intra-
within
iso-
equal
mal-
bad
mes-
middle
meta-
after
pan-, pant(o)
all, entire
per-
through
pro-
before
sub-
under, less than, inferior
super-
more than, above, superior
supra-
above, upper
9 regions of the abdomen
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
4 quadrants
right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
dorsal cavity
located along the back of the body and head and contains organs of nervous system that coordinate body functions (divided into two portions: cranial, spinal)
cranial cavity
pertaining to the skull
spinal cavity
located in the spinal cord, surrounds and protects
ventral cavity
located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis
thoracic cavity
chest cavity, thorax, surrounds and protects heart and lungs
abdominal cavity
contains major organs of digestion
pelvic cavity
the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
peritoneum
a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
parietal peritoneum
the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
mesentery
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
visceral peritoneum
the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum