chemistry - a level organic

ane

ane

Alkane suffix

ene

Alkene suffix

yne

Alkyne suffix

Halo

Halogenoalkanes prefix

oic acid

Carboxylic acid suffix

anhydride

Anhydride suffix

oate

Ester suffix

oyl chloride

Acyl chloride suffix

amide

Amide suffix

nitrile

Nitrile suffix

al

Aldehyde suffix

one

Ketone suffix

ol

Alcohol suffix

Hydroxy

Alcohol prefix

amine

Amine suffix

Alkane

ane

Alkene

ene

Alkyne

yne

Halogenoalkane

halo

Carboxylic acid

oic acid

Ester

oate

Isomer

Molecules with the same molecular formula but have different molecular structures or a different arrangement of atoms in space

Stereoisomerism

Two or more compounds have the same structural formula but they differ in the arrangement of bonds in space

Optical isomerism

Occurs when four different substituents are bonded to one carbon atom resulting in two isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of one another

Optical isomer

Pairs of molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images

Chiral

Handed

Chiral

A molecule that exists in two mirror image forms that are not superimposable

Enantiomer

One of a pair of non-superimposable mirror image isomers

Chiral centre (asymmetric carbon atom)

An atom to which four different atoms or groups are bonded. The presence of such an atom causes the parent molecule to exist as a pair of non-superimposable mirror images.

Polarimeter

Measures optical rotation

Racemate

A mixture of equal amounts of two optical isomers of a chiral compound, it's optically inactive

Carbonyl group

RCHO

Acid derivative

An organic compound related to a carboxylic acid of formula RCOZ, where Z = —Cl, —NHR, —OR or —OCOR.

Fatty acid

A long chain carboxylic acid

Triglyceride

an ester formed between glycerol and three fatty acid molecules

Acylation

The process by which the acyl group is introduced into another molecule

Addition-elimination reactions

Reactions between nucleophiles and acyl chlorides

Arenes

Hydrocarbons based on benzene

H2SO4 + NHO3 --> (NO2)+ + (H2SO4)- + H2O

Generation of nitronium ion electrophile

Nitronium ion

NO2+

Inductive effect

The electronreleasing effect of alkyl groups such as -CH3 or -C2H5

Condensation reaction

A chemical reaction in which two molecules react together and a small molecule, often water or hydrogen chloride, is eliminated

Zwitterion

An ion that has both a permanent positive and negative charge, though the overall charge of the ion is neutral

Protonated

Describes an atom, molecule or ion to which a proton (H+ ion) has been added

Deprotonated

Describes an atom, molecule or ion to which a proton (H+ ion) has been lost

Amide linkage

When the amine group of one amino acid reacts with the carboxylic acid group of another

Polypeptide

Molecules containing up to about 50 amino acids

Protein

Molecules containing more than 50 amino acids

Peptide

Compounds formed by the linkage of amino acids

Dipeptide

A peptide with two amino acids

Primary structure

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Secondary structure

A protein may form am alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

Tertiary structure

The alpha helix or beta pleated sheet may fold into a 3D shape

Enzyme

A protein based catalyst found in living things

Stereospecific

The fact that enzymes can only catalyse reactions of one of the pair of enantiomers

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Nucleotide

The monomer for which DNA is made up of

Nucleotide

Made up of three parts- a phosphate, a sugar and a base

Replication

Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA

Cisplatin

A cancer treatment

Target molecule

The compound that the chemist is attempting to prepare by organic synthesis

Alkene to Alkane

H2, Ni catalyst, 150 degrees

Alkene to Haloalkane

HX or X2

Alkene to Alcohol

Dilute H3PO4

Alkane to Haloalkane

X2, UV light

Haloalkane to Alkene

KOH (Reflux)

Haloalkane to Alcohol

KOH (Reflux)

Haloalkane to Nitrile

KCN (Reflux)

Haloalkane to 1 Amine

NH3

Nitrile to 1 Amine

LiAlH (ether)

1 Amine to 2 Amide

Acyl Chloride

1 Amine to 2 Amine

RX

2 Amine to 3 Amine

RX

3 Amine to 4 Amine Salt

RX

Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid

1 Alcohol

Alcohol to Ester

Carboxylic acid or Cr2O72- (Reflux)

Alcohol to Aldehyde

1 Alcohol

Alcohol to Ketone

2 Alcohol

Alcohol to Alkene

conc. H2SO4

Acid Anhydride to 2 Amide

1 Amine

Acid Anhydride to Carboxylic Acid

H2O

Acid Anhydride to 1 Amide

conc. NH3

Carboxylic acid to Ester

Alcohol

1 Amide to Carboxylic Acid

H2O / H+

Acyl Chloride to 1 Amide

NH3

Acyl Chloride to Carboxylic Acid

H20

Acyl Chloride to Ester

Alcohol

Ester to Carboxylic Acid

H20 / H+

Aldehyde to Carboxylic Acid

H+/Cr2O72- (Reflux)

Aldehyde to Alcohol

NaBH4

Reduction

Aldehyde to Hydroxynitrile

KCN / dilute H2SO4

Nucleophilic addition

Ketone to Hydroxynitrile

KCN / dilute H2SO4

Nucleophilic addition

Ketone to Alcohol

NabH4

Reduction

Benzene to Bromobenzene

Br2 / FeBr3 catalyst

Electrophilic substitution

Benzene to Nitrobenzene

HNO3 / H2SO4