an attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.
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Ionic bonds
formed when one or more electrons are donated from one atom to another
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Covalent bonds
bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.
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Hydrogen bonds
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
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Inorganic compounds
compounds that do not contain carbon and have covalent or ionic bonds (water, acids, bases, salts)
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Organic compounds
compounds that contain carbon and have covalent bonds (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
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Carbohydrates
hydrated carbons and are reserved to as saccharides. They act as a source of energy and storage of energy
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Monosaccharides
monomers of sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose)
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Disaccharides
2 monomers of sugar (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
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Polysaccharides
polymers made of 100-1000 of sugar monomers (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
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Lipids
fats and oils (phospholipid, triglyceride, cholesterol)
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Proteins
Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues
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Protein functions
support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, defense
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Protein structure
central carbon (C), carboxyl, amine group, hydrogen, R-group
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Protein linkage
peptide bond
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Primary structure of protein
sequence of amino acids
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Secondary structure of protein
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
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Tertiary structure of protein
3D shape of protein
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Quaternary structure of protein
overall protein structure, combining 2 or more polypeptides
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Protein synthesis
process of breaking down protein into amino acids and takes place in cells and is controlled by genes
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Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
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DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes and is double stranded
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RNA
A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages
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Complementary base pairing
In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C; RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C
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ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
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Chemical reactions
the making and breaking of chemical bonds
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Metabolism
the combination of biochemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials
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Exothermic
a reaction that releases energy in the form of heat (catabolic)
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Endothermic
a reaction that absorbs energy (anabolism)
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Enzymes
catalysts (proteins) for chemical reactions in living things
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Homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a stable constant internal environment
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Negative feedback loop
A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring (stimulus-\> sensor-\>control-\>effector-\>) common in maintaining homeostasis
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Thermoregulation
process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.
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Hypothalamus
structure located deep in the brain that receives chemical messages from nerves and must react to those messages to keep the body's homeostasis (control centre)
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Water balance (osmoregulation)
low water content (stimulus), stimulation of osmoreceptors in hypothalamus (sensor), increased -adh secretion from posterior pituitary (control centre), increased water retention by kidneys (effector)
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Organs systems involved in water balance...
cardiovascular, nervous, urinary, endocrine and lymphatic