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Anatomy
Greek root that means to cut apart and refers to the internal and external structures of the body
Physiology
Greek root that means study of nature origins and refers to the study of the functions of those structures
Structure determines what?
function
Sytemic anatomy
studies the anatomy (structures) of each body system
Regional anatomy
studies the interrelationships of structures in specific regions of the body
Surface anatomy
study of body's surface markings
Cross anatomy
structures inside organs that can be seen with the naked eye
Microscopic anatomy
structures that require a microscope (histology/cytology)
Neurophysiology
explains the workings of the nervous system
Electrophysiology
the study of electrical activity in the body
Organization of the Human Body
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
Cells
Basic unit of life that are specialized in structure and function to carry out other specific roles (<200)
Tissues
Groups of cells with a common structure and function.There are 4 types: connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
Systems
there are 11 systems that are groups of organs working together to perform complex functions
Functions of human life
Organization, homeostasis, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, and reproduction
Integumentary system
encloses internal body structures, site of many sensory receptors
Skeletal system
supports the body, enables movement (with muscular system)
Muscular system
enables movement of the body (with skeletal system) and helps maintain body temperature
Nervous system
detects and processes sensory information, activates bodily responses
Endocrine system
secretes hormones and helps regulate body processes
Cardiovascular system
delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, equalizes temperature in the body
Lymphatic system
returns fluid to blood, defends against pathogens
Respiratory system
removes carbon dioxide from the body, delivers oxygen to blood
Digestive system
processes food for use by the body, removes wastes from undigested food
Urinary system
controls water balance in the body, removes wastes from blood and excretes them
Male reproductive system
produces sex hormones and gametes, delivers gametes to female
Female reproductive system
produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo/fetus until birth, produces milk for infant
Atom
Basic unit of matter
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
Atoms are made up of...
protons, neutrons, electrons
Protons
Positively charged particles
Neutrons
the particles of the nucleus that have no charge
Electrons
Negatively charged particles
electrically neutral
an object that has equal amounts of positive (protons) and negative (electrons) charges
Ion
atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a + or - charge
Anion
A negatively charged ion
Cation
A positively charged ion
Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Electromagnetic force
an interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles
Nuclear force
the interaction that binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus
Body's elements
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, others (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium etc)
Molecules
two or more atoms joined together
Compounds
2 or more elements chemically combined
Chemical bonds
an attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.
Ionic bonds
formed when one or more electrons are donated from one atom to another
Covalent bonds
bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.
Hydrogen bonds
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
Inorganic compounds
compounds that do not contain carbon and have covalent or ionic bonds (water, acids, bases, salts)
Organic compounds
compounds that contain carbon and have covalent bonds (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
Carbohydrates
hydrated carbons and are reserved to as saccharides. They act as a source of energy and storage of energy
Monosaccharides
monomers of sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose)
Disaccharides
2 monomers of sugar (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
Polysaccharides
polymers made of 100-1000 of sugar monomers (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
Lipids
fats and oils (phospholipid, triglyceride, cholesterol)
Proteins
Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues
Protein functions
support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, defense
Protein structure
central carbon (C), carboxyl, amine group, hydrogen, R-group
Protein linkage
peptide bond
Primary structure of protein
sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure of protein
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
Tertiary structure of protein
3D shape of protein
Quaternary structure of protein
overall protein structure, combining 2 or more polypeptides
Protein synthesis
process of breaking down protein into amino acids and takes place in cells and is controlled by genes
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes and is double stranded
RNA
A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages
Complementary base pairing
In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C; RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
Chemical reactions
the making and breaking of chemical bonds
Metabolism
the combination of biochemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials
Exothermic
a reaction that releases energy in the form of heat (catabolic)
Endothermic
a reaction that absorbs energy (anabolism)
Enzymes
catalysts (proteins) for chemical reactions in living things
Homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a stable constant internal environment
Negative feedback loop
A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring (stimulus-> sensor->control->effector->) common in maintaining homeostasis
Thermoregulation
process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.
Hypothalamus
structure located deep in the brain that receives chemical messages from nerves and must react to those messages to keep the body's homeostasis (control centre)
Water balance (osmoregulation)
low water content (stimulus), stimulation of osmoreceptors in hypothalamus (sensor), increased -adh secretion from posterior pituitary (control centre), increased water retention by kidneys (effector)
Organs systems involved in water balance...
cardiovascular, nervous, urinary, endocrine and lymphatic
Blood sugar regulation
stimulus high glucose->pancreas releases insulin->liver stores glucose->decreases blood glucose levels=homeostasis. stimulus low glucose->pancreas releases glucogon->liver breaksdown glucogon and relseases glucose->blood glucose level rises=homeostasis
Positive feedback loop
causes a system to change further in the same direction. (intensifying) not common in maintaining homeostasis
Diseases from homeostatic imbalance are caused because...
the positive or negative feedback system is not working correctly and causes aging, diabetes, congestive heart failure
Diseases
any failure of normal physiological function that leads to negative symptoms