Kins- MT1 ch. 1-7

Anatomy

Anatomy

Greek root that means to cut apart and refers to the internal and external structures of the body

Physiology

Greek root that means study of nature origins and refers to the study of the functions of those structures

Structure determines what?

function

Sytemic anatomy

studies the anatomy (structures) of each body system

Regional anatomy

studies the interrelationships of structures in specific regions of the body

Surface anatomy

study of body's surface markings

Cross anatomy

structures inside organs that can be seen with the naked eye

Microscopic anatomy

structures that require a microscope (histology/cytology)

Neurophysiology

explains the workings of the nervous system

Electrophysiology

the study of electrical activity in the body

Organization of the Human Body

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Cells

Basic unit of life that are specialized in structure and function to carry out other specific roles (<200)

Tissues

Groups of cells with a common structure and function.There are 4 types: connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

Systems

there are 11 systems that are groups of organs working together to perform complex functions

Functions of human life

Organization, homeostasis, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, and reproduction

Integumentary system

encloses internal body structures, site of many sensory receptors

Skeletal system

supports the body, enables movement (with muscular system)

Muscular system

enables movement of the body (with skeletal system) and helps maintain body temperature

Nervous system

detects and processes sensory information, activates bodily responses

Endocrine system

secretes hormones and helps regulate body processes

Cardiovascular system

delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, equalizes temperature in the body

Lymphatic system

returns fluid to blood, defends against pathogens

Respiratory system

removes carbon dioxide from the body, delivers oxygen to blood

Digestive system

processes food for use by the body, removes wastes from undigested food

Urinary system

controls water balance in the body, removes wastes from blood and excretes them

Male reproductive system

produces sex hormones and gametes, delivers gametes to female

Female reproductive system

produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo/fetus until birth, produces milk for infant

Atom

Basic unit of matter

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Atoms are made up of...

protons, neutrons, electrons

Protons

Positively charged particles

Neutrons

the particles of the nucleus that have no charge

Electrons

Negatively charged particles

electrically neutral

an object that has equal amounts of positive (protons) and negative (electrons) charges

Ion

atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a + or - charge

Anion

A negatively charged ion

Cation

A positively charged ion

Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Electromagnetic force

an interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles

Nuclear force

the interaction that binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus

Body's elements

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, others (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium etc)

Molecules

two or more atoms joined together

Compounds

2 or more elements chemically combined

Chemical bonds

an attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.

Ionic bonds

formed when one or more electrons are donated from one atom to another

Covalent bonds

bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

Hydrogen bonds

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

Inorganic compounds

compounds that do not contain carbon and have covalent or ionic bonds (water, acids, bases, salts)

Organic compounds

compounds that contain carbon and have covalent bonds (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

Carbohydrates

hydrated carbons and are reserved to as saccharides. They act as a source of energy and storage of energy

Monosaccharides

monomers of sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose)

Disaccharides

2 monomers of sugar (sucrose, lactose, maltose)

Polysaccharides

polymers made of 100-1000 of sugar monomers (starch, cellulose, glycogen)

Lipids

fats and oils (phospholipid, triglyceride, cholesterol)

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

Protein functions

support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, defense

Protein structure

central carbon (C), carboxyl, amine group, hydrogen, R-group

Protein linkage

peptide bond

Primary structure of protein

sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure of protein

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

Tertiary structure of protein

3D shape of protein

Quaternary structure of protein

overall protein structure, combining 2 or more polypeptides

Protein synthesis

process of breaking down protein into amino acids and takes place in cells and is controlled by genes

Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes and is double stranded

RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages

Complementary base pairing

In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C; RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Chemical reactions

the making and breaking of chemical bonds

Metabolism

the combination of biochemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

Exothermic

a reaction that releases energy in the form of heat (catabolic)

Endothermic

a reaction that absorbs energy (anabolism)

Enzymes

catalysts (proteins) for chemical reactions in living things

Homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a stable constant internal environment

Negative feedback loop

A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring (stimulus-> sensor->control->effector->) common in maintaining homeostasis

Thermoregulation

process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.

Hypothalamus

structure located deep in the brain that receives chemical messages from nerves and must react to those messages to keep the body's homeostasis (control centre)

Water balance (osmoregulation)

low water content (stimulus), stimulation of osmoreceptors in hypothalamus (sensor), increased -adh secretion from posterior pituitary (control centre), increased water retention by kidneys (effector)

Organs systems involved in water balance...

cardiovascular, nervous, urinary, endocrine and lymphatic

Blood sugar regulation

stimulus high glucose->pancreas releases insulin->liver stores glucose->decreases blood glucose levels=homeostasis. stimulus low glucose->pancreas releases glucogon->liver breaksdown glucogon and relseases glucose->blood glucose level rises=homeostasis

Positive feedback loop

causes a system to change further in the same direction. (intensifying) not common in maintaining homeostasis

Diseases from homeostatic imbalance are caused because...

the positive or negative feedback system is not working correctly and causes aging, diabetes, congestive heart failure

Diseases

any failure of normal physiological function that leads to negative symptoms

Diabetes

metabolic disorder caused by excess blood glucose levels

Set point

the physiological optimum vale for a system

Cellular theory

all organisms are made of one or more cells, all the life functions of organisms occur within cells, all cells come from preexisting cells

Cell types

<200 types of cells in the human body and each has a special job to do

Cell size

surface area to volume ratio

Organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Plasma membrane

a selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Cytoplasm

a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Ribosomes

makes proteins

DNA.

contains genetic instructions that cells need to make proteins

Nucleus

center of an atom

Eukaryotic cells

contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

Prokaryotic cells

do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

Plasma membrane is made of

phospholipids and proteins

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell (aerobic cellular respiration)

Endomembrane system

rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus