Kins- MT1 ch. 1-7

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143 Terms

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Anatomy
Greek root that means to cut apart and refers to the internal and external structures of the body
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Physiology
Greek root that means study of nature origins and refers to the study of the functions of those structures
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Structure determines what?
function
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Sytemic anatomy
studies the anatomy (structures) of each body system
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Regional anatomy
studies the interrelationships of structures in specific regions of the body
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Surface anatomy
study of body's surface markings
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Cross anatomy
structures inside organs that can be seen with the naked eye
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Microscopic anatomy
structures that require a microscope (histology/cytology)
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Neurophysiology
explains the workings of the nervous system
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Electrophysiology
the study of electrical activity in the body
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Organization of the Human Body
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
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Cells
Basic unit of life that are specialized in structure and function to carry out other specific roles (
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Tissues
Groups of cells with a common structure and function.There are 4 types: connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
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Systems
there are 11 systems that are groups of organs working together to perform complex functions
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Functions of human life
Organization, homeostasis, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, and reproduction
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Integumentary system
encloses internal body structures, site of many sensory receptors
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Skeletal system
supports the body, enables movement (with muscular system)
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Muscular system
enables movement of the body (with skeletal system) and helps maintain body temperature
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Nervous system
detects and processes sensory information, activates bodily responses
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Endocrine system
secretes hormones and helps regulate body processes
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Cardiovascular system
delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, equalizes temperature in the body
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Lymphatic system
returns fluid to blood, defends against pathogens
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Respiratory system
removes carbon dioxide from the body, delivers oxygen to blood
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Digestive system
processes food for use by the body, removes wastes from undigested food
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Urinary system
controls water balance in the body, removes wastes from blood and excretes them
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Male reproductive system
produces sex hormones and gametes, delivers gametes to female
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Female reproductive system
produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo/fetus until birth, produces milk for infant
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Atom
Basic unit of matter
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Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
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Element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
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Atoms are made up of...
protons, neutrons, electrons
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Protons
Positively charged particles
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Neutrons
the particles of the nucleus that have no charge
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Electrons
Negatively charged particles
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electrically neutral
an object that has equal amounts of positive (protons) and negative (electrons) charges
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Ion
atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a + or - charge
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Anion
A negatively charged ion
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Cation
A positively charged ion
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Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
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Electromagnetic force
an interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles
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Nuclear force
the interaction that binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus
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Body's elements
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, others (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium etc)
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Molecules
two or more atoms joined together
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Compounds
2 or more elements chemically combined
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Chemical bonds
an attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.
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Ionic bonds
formed when one or more electrons are donated from one atom to another
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Covalent bonds
bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.
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Hydrogen bonds
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
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Inorganic compounds
compounds that do not contain carbon and have covalent or ionic bonds (water, acids, bases, salts)
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Organic compounds
compounds that contain carbon and have covalent bonds (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
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Carbohydrates
hydrated carbons and are reserved to as saccharides. They act as a source of energy and storage of energy
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Monosaccharides
monomers of sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose)
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Disaccharides
2 monomers of sugar (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
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Polysaccharides
polymers made of 100-1000 of sugar monomers (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
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Lipids
fats and oils (phospholipid, triglyceride, cholesterol)
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Proteins
Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues
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Protein functions
support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, defense
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Protein structure
central carbon (C), carboxyl, amine group, hydrogen, R-group
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Protein linkage
peptide bond
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Primary structure of protein
sequence of amino acids
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Secondary structure of protein
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
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Tertiary structure of protein
3D shape of protein
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Quaternary structure of protein
overall protein structure, combining 2 or more polypeptides
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Protein synthesis
process of breaking down protein into amino acids and takes place in cells and is controlled by genes
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Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
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DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes and is double stranded
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RNA
A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages
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Complementary base pairing
In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C;
RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C
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ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
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Chemical reactions
the making and breaking of chemical bonds
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Metabolism
the combination of biochemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials
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Exothermic
a reaction that releases energy in the form of heat (catabolic)
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Endothermic
a reaction that absorbs energy (anabolism)
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Enzymes
catalysts (proteins) for chemical reactions in living things
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Homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a stable constant internal environment
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Negative feedback loop
A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring (stimulus-\> sensor-\>control-\>effector-\>) common in maintaining homeostasis
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Thermoregulation
process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.
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Hypothalamus
structure located deep in the brain that receives chemical messages from nerves and must react to those messages to keep the body's homeostasis (control centre)
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Water balance (osmoregulation)
low water content (stimulus), stimulation of osmoreceptors in hypothalamus (sensor), increased -adh secretion from posterior pituitary (control centre), increased water retention by kidneys (effector)
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Organs systems involved in water balance...
cardiovascular, nervous, urinary, endocrine and lymphatic
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Blood sugar regulation
stimulus high glucose-\>pancreas releases insulin-\>liver stores glucose-\>decreases blood glucose levels\=homeostasis.
stimulus low glucose-\>pancreas releases glucogon-\>liver breaksdown glucogon and relseases glucose-\>blood glucose level rises\=homeostasis
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Positive feedback loop
causes a system to change further in the same direction. (intensifying) not common in maintaining homeostasis
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Diseases from homeostatic imbalance are caused because...
the positive or negative feedback system is not working correctly and causes aging, diabetes, congestive heart failure
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Diseases
any failure of normal physiological function that leads to negative symptoms
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Diabetes
metabolic disorder caused by excess blood glucose levels
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Set point
the physiological optimum vale for a system
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Cellular theory
all organisms are made of one or more cells, all the life functions of organisms occur within cells, all cells come from preexisting cells
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Cell types
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Cell size
surface area to volume ratio
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Organelles
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
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Plasma membrane
a selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
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Cytoplasm
a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
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Ribosomes
makes proteins
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DNA.
contains genetic instructions that cells need to make proteins
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Nucleus
center of an atom
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Eukaryotic cells
contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.
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Prokaryotic cells
do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
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Plasma membrane is made of
phospholipids and proteins
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Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell (aerobic cellular respiration)
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Endomembrane system
rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus