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Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
The Court decided that a student's constitutional right to freedom of expression existed in schools as long as the expression did not cause a disruption to learning
Engel v. Vitale
Board of Regents for New York authorized a short voluntary prayer for recitation at start of each school day. Court rule that this violated the establishment clause of the First Amendment.
Gideon v. Wainwright
States are required under the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution to provide an attorney to defendants in criminal cases who are unable to afford their own attorneys. The case extended the right to counsel, which had been found under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to impose requirements on the federal government, by imposing those requirements upon the states as well.
Brown v. Board of Education
Separate by equal facilities DO violate the 14th Amendment. This overturned Plessy v. Ferguson.
Marbury v. Madison
This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review
McCulloch v. Maryland
Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government
Schenck v. United States
Defendants who distributed fliers to draft-age men, urging resistance to the draft, could be convicted of an attempt to obstruct the draft, a criminal offense. The First Amendment did not alter well-established laws. Expressions which in the circumstances were intended to result in a crime, and posed a "clear and present danger" of succeeding, could be punished.
Baker v. Carr
Established the one man one vote rule. This decision created guidelines for drawing up congressional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state. Federal courts can intervene in and to decide whether changes in the way voting districts are drawn are constitutional.
New York Times Co. v United States
The First Amendment made it possible for The New York Times and The Washington Post newspapers to publish the then-classified Pentagon Papers without risk of government censorship or punishment.
Wisconsin v. Yoder
Amish children could not be placed under compulsory education past 8th grade. The parents' fundamental right to freedom of religion was determined to outweigh the state's interest in educating its children.
Shaw v. Reno
Redistricting and gerrymandering based on race must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny under the equal protection clause. On the other hand, bodies doing redistricting must be conscious of race to the extent that they must ensure compliance with the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
United States v. Lopez
Set limits to Congress' power under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. The federal Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, which banned possession of handguns near schools, was unconstitutional because it did not have a substantial impact on interstate commerce.
McDonald V. Chicago
The right of an individual to "keep and bear arms," as protected under the Second Amendment, is incorporated by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment against the states.
Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission
The free speech clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution prohibits the government from restricting independent expenditures for communications by nonprofit corporations, for-profit corporations, labor unions, and other associations.