Geography - HEALTH, HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERVENTIONS CASE STUDIES

State 3 things Evo Morales did in Bolivia to reduce poverty and stimulate economic growth

taxed TNCs
increased the minimum wage
renationalised the oil and gas industries

were Evo Morales’ socialist policies effective?

Yes because poverty fell, economic inequality decreased, and economic growth occurred
However Bolivia still has the lowest GDP per capita of all the 11 S American countries

how does oil extraction in the niger delta affect the environment

many oil spills due to lack of maintenance, accidents and damage
communities in region suffer from polluted water, loss of farmland,loss of mangroves and biodiversity loss
oil spills destroyed fishing industry in Bodo village

how has development aid been successful in Botswana

invested income from its natural resources on infrastructure, health and education
much of aid focused on fighting HIV/AIDS - incidence and mortality have decreased
strong governance and low levels of corruption
improvements in mean years of schooling and GDP per capita
expected to no longer qualify for official development assistance from OECD countries by 2030

how has development aid failed in Haiti

political elites have used money to their advantage instead of developing the country
Haiti remains poorest country in western hemisphere
high aid dependency
poverty remains high
still extremely vulnerable to disease and natural disasters

what were the reasons for the US and NATO led military interventions in Afghanistan 2001-2021

war on terror
remove Taliban from power
introduce democracy

what were the short term gains of US military intervention in afghanistan

fall in infant mortality rate
improvements in freedom of speech
more rights for women - increased participation in public life

what were the long term costs of US military intervention in Afghanistan

4 million Afghans internally displaced
Taliban took control following 2021 withdrawal
cost US $2.3 trillion
women in afghanistan now have severely restricted freedoms
over 46,000 civilians killed

how is Timor Leste an example of a success of a non-military intervention

invaded by indonesia in 1975 after declaring independence from Portugal
many people killed, displaced, or died from hunger and illness
UN peacekeeping mission 1999-2002 supported route to democracy independence
when indonesia withdrew, UN maintained law and order + assisted in democratic independence vote

what are the impacts of a lack of intervention in zimbabwe

history of human rights abuses
2008 Russia and China (UNSC) voted against arms embargo, travel ban and financial freeze on assets of president
lack of action led to high poverty , low life expectancy, high corruption and high deforestation

why is public health in zambia poor

heavy burden of communicable diseases inc HIV, malaria and TB
low life expectancy of 53
supply chain shortages and lack of access to medical care, particularly in rural areas

how many people per 1000 in zambia have malaria

305 cases per 1000 of pop - almost 1/3

what is the gates foundation

private charitable foundation established in 2009 by Bill and Melinda Gates to promote healthier lives

how does the gates foundation provide the most funding and have the widest impact possible

strategic investments using a leveraged approach
eg seed funding of $4 bn was turned into $18 billion by mobilising other investors and governments

what is the purpose of the gates foundation

take on domestic US and global issues
eg US education
eg global health and providing immunisations

what is gavi

public- private global health partnership formed in 2000 (Gates foundation largely involved) to increase access to immunisation in lower income countries

who are the ATSI people

aboriginal and torres strait islander people

what happened in the stolen generations

1800s-1970s ATSI children removed from their families through government policy - cultural genocide

what are the effects on the stolen generations now of what happened

disconnection from culture and families
ATSI people overrrepresented in prisons
higher suicide rates
lower life expectancies

how many descendants of stolen generations children are there currently in australia

17000

what proportion of ATSI adults in australia are part of the stolen generations

1/12

what was the 1994 Rwandan Genocide

100 day systematic slaughter where Hutu extremists killed Tutsis and moderate Hutus

What were some of the causes of the Rwandan genocide

historical marginalisation of tutsis
Belgian colonial powers racialised social categories of Hutu and Tutsi

How many people were killed in the rwandan genocide

about 800000 in 100 days

what are some of the allegations of Russian war crimes in Ukraine

strikes on civilians - 50 killed in attack on Kramatorsk train station
POW mistreatment
child deportations
- breaks geneva conventions

what happened when the SAS were in afghanistan

systematic killings and summary executions were covered up using ‘drop weapons’ - SAS only supposed to kill people with a weapon - they killed people they werent supposed to
one unit may have unlawfully killed 54 people in 1 6 month tour

why were the SAS’s actions in afghanistan bad

undermines UKs moral authority

why is the ECHR controversial in the UK

some see it as an erosion of national sovereignty - UK cannot make its own judgements on violations of rights

list 3 examples why the ECHR is controversial in the UK

export of F35 components to Israel
border control
widowed parents allowance discrimination

why are some people against UK exporting F35 components to israel

F35s used in war crimes in Gaza
UK loses moral authority

why are some people for export of F35 components to Israel

beneficial to UK economy
maintains good relations with US and Israel
have an ally in the middle east
suppress growth of terror groups like Hamas

what percentage of the value of every F35 made globally is manufactured by british industry

15%

how does the UK welfare state compare to the US low spending state

both developed countries; both have fairly good medical access
UK welfare state provides healthcare at a much lower average cost
US has a shorter life expectancy at a higher cost than the UK
neither system perfect but NHS good value

what are the life expectancies in the UK compared to US

UK : women, 83, men,79
US: women, 81, men,76

what is life like for women living in afghanistan under sharia law and the taliban

many restrictions
poor freedom of speech, education, freedom of movement, employment opportunities, and equality
qur’an has many different interpretations - does not have to be interpreted like this - making women disappear

girls from what age are banned from going to school/uni in afghanistan and how will this potentially affect child marriage

girls over 13 banned
child marriage projected to increase by 25% by 2026

why did the UN intervene in Libya in 2011

Under Responsibility to Protect doctrine - UN felt libya was not protecting human rights of its citizens
Gaddafi had threatened massacre of civilians in rebel stronghold in Benghazi
UN mission to protect civilians from Gaddafis forces during Arab spring uprising

was the UN intervention in Libya effective

yes because civilians in Benghazi were protected
however, it ultimately led to a power vacuum and economic collapse

why was the UN intervention in Libya controversial

some countries were concerned the situation did not require intervention because:
insufficient evidence
set a precedent for other countries intervening in the way countries decide to treat their citizens
intervention is inconsistent - international community ignores human rights violations in some countries but not others

what were the reasons for the US/UK led invasion of Iraq

wrong claims of Weapons of Mass Destruction
war on terror - US argued saddam husseins regime had links to al-qaeda and 9/11
oil

what did the US/UK invasion of Iraq result in

Saddam Husseins regime toppled
But it wasnt effective - many casualties, infrastructure destroyed, political and economic instability
Power vacuum led to sectarian conflict

how many IDPs and civilian deaths were there as a result of the Iraq war

4.4 m IDPs
200,000-900,000 civilian deaths

why have sanctions and humanitarian aid been used in Ukraine instead of military intervention

military intervention risky - could escalate conflict by drawing NATO into war
sanctions and humanitarian aid justified

how many ukrainian refugees are there world wide

5.7m

what are enhanced interrogation techniques used by the CIA

torture methods eg waterboarding used to extract information from terror/ 9/11 suspects
goes against geneva conventions and UDHR

why are enhanced interrogation techniques used

can be an effective way of extracting info
some argue it is critical in time sensitive situations eg pending terror attack for extracting info

what are the cons of using enhanced interrogation techniques

violation of human rights
fuels anti-US sentiment - may provoke more terror attacks
can be ineffective - people say anything to stop the punishment
damages US reputation as a moral authority

how many times was Khalid Sheikh Mohammed , a suspected 9/11 mastermind, waterboarded

183 times

what was the Rwanda plan

a criticised and abandoned plan that would have gone against the ECHR to deport immigrants to Rwanda by the conservative government in 2023
Rwanda incentivised by £240 m investment

what are some of the pros of Italys good workers rights

8 weeks paid holiday
13 months of pay

how does norways prison system work and is it effective

focused on rehabilitation and reintegration
prioritises humane treatment, education and work - loss of freedom is the main punishment
yes has low reoffending rates

why have diabetic people in the US started rationing their insulin

can’t afford to buy enough insulin due to its massively inflated price in the US
1 vial of Humalog cost £18 in 1999 but £287 in 2019
diabetes is currently the 7th leading cause of death in the US

what SDGs will afghanistan struggle to meet

gender equality
good health and wellbeing
peace, justice and strong institutions
quality education

what SDGs will the US struggle to meet

responsible consumption
climate action
good health and wellbeing
no poverty

what SDGs will haiti struggle to meet

no poverty
zero hunger
good health and wellbeing
quality education
clean water and sanitation
decent work and economic growth
peace, justice and strong institutions

what is the ‘close the gap’ initiative

initiative launched by australian govt in 2009 aiming to halve the gap in child mortality by 2018, narrow the divide in reading and maths levels and increase the proportion of ATSI students completing high school.

what is UN women?

the united nations entity dedicated to global gender equality

name 3 barriers to UN women projects

weak political will - legislation changes required, government may be reluctant
scarce/short term funding - entrenched inequalities require long term approach
rapidly changing situations - UN slow decision maker

state some aid focuses of UN women

economic empowerment
humanitarian action
HIV and AIDS
ending violence against women
womens leadership and political participation

where is the niger delta and what does it encompass

coast of Nigeria which is located on the western coast of africa
contains several oil fields

what percentage of Nigerias exports does crude oil account for?

over 70%

state a chain of explanation from underdevelopment (colonial history) to environmental degradation in the niger delta

underdevelopment (colonialism)
govt policy (open economy)
oil export based economy (FDI)
neocolonialism (TNCs)
slow development (economic inequalities)
poverty (enabling corruption)
growth of illegal oil economy
oil spills
environmental degradation

what is the ‘illegal’ oil economy in the niger delta

oil theft from pipelines which is then refined in illegal ‘bush refineries’ and then sold
suspected that the Nigerian military are either turning a blind eye , or, that military involvement like taking bribes is systematic