Cumulative BioTech test

deoxyribonucleic acid

What does DNA stand for?

DNA

What is a gene made of?

The production of RNA/RNA production

What does a gene code for?

double-helix

What is the shape of DNA?

C5H10O4

What is the formula for deoxyribose?

nucleotides

What is the monomer for DNA?

phosphodiester bonds

What is the name of the bonds that form between nucleotides on a single chain between phosphate groups and sugars? Hint: It forms between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3’ hydroxyl group on the previous nucleotide’s sugar

hydrogen bonds

What are the bonds that form between nucleotides across two different chains (between bases)?

• phosphate group

• pentose/5’ carbon sugar (deoxyribose)

• nitrogenous base

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

What are the four nitrogenous bases (in DNA)?

Adenine (A) & Thymine (T), Guanine (G) & Cytosine (C)

What are the complementary base pairings?

Adenine and Guanine

Which nitrogenous bases are purines (double-rings)?

Thymine and Cytosine

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines (single-ring)?

2

How many hydrogen bonds do Adenine and Thymine have?

3

How many hydrogen bonds do Cytosine and Guanine have?

antiparallel

How do we describe the two DNA strands running in opposite directions? (one goes from 5’→3’ and the other goes from 3’→5’)

sugar and phosphate

What forms the DNA backbone?

Watson & Crick

Who wrote the paper describing the structure of DNA? Hint: They determined that…

• nucleotides form long strands of DNA

• each DNA molecule consists of two strands that form a double helix

Erwin Chargaff

Who collected data to show that the amount of A = T and C = G?

The amount of Adenine is equal to the amount of Thymine, and the amount of Guanine is equal to Cytosine. If one base is present, then its base pairing is also present.

What are Chargaff’s rules?

X-ray crystallography

What technique did Rosalyn Franklin use on DNA?

Friedrich Miescher

Who isolated DNA and discovered a white, sugary substance that was called “nuclein” (later renamed “nucleic acids”)?

bacteria / prokaryotes

Which type of cell has plasmids?

sticky ends

How do we describe the cut by EcoRI as shown in the image?

DNA ligase

What enzyme can repair phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides?

restriction site

What is the name of the location where a restriction enzyme cuts DNA?

4-8 bp

How long are most restriction sites?

Gel electrophoresis, parts: box, tray, bed, comb, damns, cables

What is the tool in the image used for? Name the parts

agar

What is the name of the media in Petri dishes?

base pairs / kilobase pairs

What units measure the length of DNA fragments?

insulin, growth hormone

Name a medicine produce with rDNA

3 billion bp

How many base pairs are in the human genome?

gel electrophoresis

what technique is used to separate DNA fragments?

viruses that infect bacteria

What are phages (ex: Lambda)?

1000

How many microliters (μL) equals 1 mL?

250

0.250 mL is equal to how many microliters?

Phosphate group

What part of a DNA molecule is charged?

EcoRI / HindIII / PstI

Name two restriction enzymes

pGLO

What is the name of the plasmid that carries the GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) gene?

smallest

In gel electrophoresis, which fragments move the fastest/furthest? The smallest or largest?

transilluminator

What tool is used to visualize the DNA in the gel?

5

If a DNA sample has four restriction sites for a particular restriction enzyme, how many fragments will be produced?

Luria Bertani (LB)

What is the name of the “food” supplied to bacteria in a petri dish? (Hint: it’s called the “broth”)

E. coli

Name a well known prokaryote.

• amanaplanacanalpanama

• restriction sites are palindromes

Give an example of a palindrome. How is this relevant to biotech?

sugars and phosphates

What makes up the backbone of the DNA ladder?

buffer

What covers the agarose gel to conduct electricity and maintain the pH?

the positive, red electrode

In gel electrophoresis, DNA migrates to which end?

DNA → RNA → protein

What is the central dogma of biology?