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Ectoderm
Outer germ layer, integument
Endoderm
Inner germ layer, lines the gut
Mesoderm
Middle germ layer, forms muscle and organs
Metazoa
Multicellular animals
Porifera
No germ layers, organs, or true tissues; intracellular digestion (sponges)
Eumetazoa
Germ layers, true tissues, and organs present, mouth and digestive system present (all other animals but sponges)
Bilateria
Group of Eumetazoa that have bilateral symmetry and 3 germ layers.
Nephrozoa
Group of Bilateria that have a coelom (fluid around the gut) present
Protostomia
Animals that develop the mouth first (from blastopore)
Deuterostomia
Animals that develop the anus first (from blastopore)
Ambulacraria
Group that contains the echinoderms and hemichordates
Echinodermata
Radially symmetrical invertebrates (under classification of ambulacraria and deuterostomia) eg. Starfish
Hemichordata
Bilaterally symmetrical invertebrates (under classification of ambulacraria and deuterostomia) Eg. Acorn worms
Chordata
Phylum that describes vertebrates (bilateral symmetry)
Urochordata
Subphylum of chordata, describes tunicates
~2000
How many described species of Urochordates are there?
Urochordates
1. Body with two openings: 1) Branchial siphon; draws water into basket like pharynx leading into the atrium. 2) Atrial siphon; exit for waste and water
2. Simple circulatory and digestive systems.
3. Tail and notochord present in larvae (lost when tunicates become immobile)
Appendicularian tunicates
Tunicates that retain larval characteristics in their adult stage
Cephalochordata
Subphylum of Chordata, describes lancelets
~22
How many described species of cephalochordates are there?
Cephalochordates
1. Body with three openings: 1) mouth 2) atriopore (exit of atrium) water exits 3) anus; waste exits.
2. Well developed circulatory and digestive system.
3. Notochord is well developed and extended through entire length of body ( present in adult stage)
4. Myomeres (blocks of muscle) along entire length of body.
Vertebrata
Subphylum of Chordata, describes "typical" vertebrates; chordates with craniums
Olfactores
Name for a hypothetical group describing urochordata as the sister group to Vertebrata.
Cephalochordata (Urochordata,Vertebrata)
Polytomy
An area of a phylogenetic tree that does not bifurcate.
Notochord
The most characteristic trait of chordates.
Notocord 2. Single, dorsal hollow nerve cord 3. Pharyngeal pouches and slits 4. postanal tail 5. segmented body, including myomeres 6. endostyle 7. ventral heart and closed circulatory system
Traits of chordates
-No Song Peter Piper Sings Ends Valiantly-
Endostyle
Thyroid gland/filter feeding groove. Trait of chordates
Pharyngeal pouches and slits
A trait of all chordates at some stage that facilitates filter feeding
Telencephalon
Aka cerebral membrane, largest part of the brain
Myomeres
Blocks of muscle all chordates have at some stage.
Adenohypophysis
anterior pituitary gland
Coelom
Fluid filled space that surrounds the gut
Neural crest
4th germ layer- contributes to formation of gill arch skeleton and paired sense organs
Hox genes/cluster
Groups of genes; key genes that dictate patterns of development in the body.
Cambrian Period
Where we can find the earliest fossil chordates
Pikaia
First known chordate
Haikouella
1st known creature with a tripartite brain and pharyngeal rods developed from a neural crest.
Cristazoa
Name of grouping for chordates possessing a neural crest
Cyclostomata
Jawless fishes, hagfish and lampreys
Gnathostomata
Jawed vertebrates
1. 2 pairs of appendages
2. 3 semi-circular canals in inner ear
Agnatha and Gnathostomata
Subphylum Vertebrata divides into these groups
Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes
Eugnathostomes, a group characterized by mineralized teeth, contains:
Vertebrate Synapomorphies
1. Well developed eyes
2. Pineal eye "third eye"
3. Lateral line system
4. Capacity for electroreception
5. Two semi-circular canals in inner ear.
Chronogram
Phylogenetic tree in which the branch lengths are proportional to time
Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys
Jawless vertebrates that represent the Cambrian Period
Hagfish and Lampreys
Which group(s) are currently accepted as the sister group of Gnathostomata
Cyclostomata
1. Lingual cartilage
2. Keratinous teeth
3. Cartilaginous gill supports
Hagfish
Most basal vertebrate, well developed olfactory senses, SINGLE MEDIAN NOSTRIL aka nasohypophyseal pore that connects to the pharynx
Lampreys
No jaws, oral sucking disk with keratinous teeth, 7 external gill openings
Chestnut lamprey, Southern brook lamprey
Lampreys found in Texas
Balaenoptera musculus
Scientific name for the blue whale
-Largest species of vertebrate known to inhabit the earth ever
-Up to 33m in length
Paedocypris progenetica
-World's smallest living species of vertebrate
-Sexually mature at 7.9mm
Extant
Term for currently living species
71,000
There are approximately __________ species of extant vertebrates
Binomial Nomenclature
A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name
Linnaean Classification System
-Employs binomial nomenclature to designate species and arrange them into hierarchical categories
-Dates back to 1758
-Mnemonic: "Dear Kevin Please Come Over For Gay Sex"
Reptilia
Discovery of __________
-2005: 8,780 species
-2015: 10,500 species
Amphibia
Discovery of __________
-1994: 4,650 species
-2003: 5,723 species
-2017: 7,726 species
Carl Von Linne
Modern taxonomy is attributed to __________
Carolus Linnaeus
Linne gave himself a nomenclature name of ____________
Willi Hennig
The German entomologist who invented Phylogenetic systematics
Plesiomorphy
A trait inherited unchanged from an ancestor. 2+ taxon sharing this trait is called a symplesiomorphy.
Apomorphy
A derived trait different from the ancestral condition.
Synapomorphy
Apomorphic characters displayed by 2+ taxon, used to determine phylogenetic relationships.
1. Dermal jaw bones 2. Endochondral bone 3. Gas filled bladder 4. fin rays (lepidotrichia)
4 Traits of Osteicthyes
Don’t Eat Green Lemons
Otophysi
A group characterized by the presence of a Webarian apparatus connecting the cranium and swim bladder to improve hearing.
Endoskeleton
Skeleton derived from ossified cartilage
Exoskeleton
A skeleton derived from the dermis that contains dentin, enamelin, and dermal bone. It also contains hydroxyapatite, a mineral unique to vertebrates.
Teleosts
1. Homocercal caudal fin (no lift)
2. specialized jaw not connected posteriorly (suction feeding)
3. Light and flexible elasmoid (cycloid and ctenoid) scales
lamellae
Gill filaments are present in vertebrates to facilitate gas exchange. Oxygen flows unidirectionally opposite from the blood in countercurrent exchange. A 1-cell thick epithelium separates water and blood.
Ostracoderms
An extinct group notable for having the first paired pectoral fins, from the mid-Devonian
Spiracle
Opening between the mandibular arch and hyoid arch that indicates the 2nd gill arch might have had respiratory function.
gill arches
mandibular arch - forms jaw
hyoid arch - forms jaw support
branchial arches - arch 3-7, form gill arches
Autostylic
The upper jaw connects to the cranium anteriorly, not posteriorly
Amphistylic
The upper jaw connects to the cranium anteriorly, is free posteriorly, and is braced by the hyoid arch
Hyostylic
the upper jaw is not connected directly to the cranium, but attached via hyomandibular cartilage
Holostylic
The upper jaw is fused to the cranium and immobile
Homodont
One one type of tooth
Heterodont
Multiple types of teeth
polyphyodont
Teeth are constantly being replaced. Replacement teeth can be arranged in a conveyor belt or tooth whorl.
Chondrichthyes
1. pelvic claspers
2. cartilaginous endoskeleton with tesserae
3. Placoid scales
Holocephali and Elasmobranchii
Subclasses of Chondrichthyes
Ampullae of Lorenzini
Organ in the skin of the rostrum that facilitates electrosensitivity.
Matrotrophy
A form of viviparity where the young’s egg sac fuses to the mother to provide additional nourishment.
They are long-lived and reproduce infrequently
Reasons why sharks are vulnerable to exploitation
basal Actinopterygians
Polypteriformes (bichers), Acipenseriformes (sturgeon), Lepisoteiformes (gar), and Amiiformes (bowfin)
Devonian period
The period where fossils of all major fish lineages are represented in marine and freshwater deposits. (Age of fishes)
Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii
Classes of Ostiechthyes
Sarcopterygii
A class that 1st appeared in the Silurian/Devonian transition, characterized by paired fins attached via a single basal element
Actinistia
An extant group in Sarcopterygii with:
1. 2 dorsal fins
2. symmetrical diphycercal caudal fins
3. Intracranial joint
Dipnoi
An extant group in Sarcopterygii with:
1. A diphycercal caudal fin
2. upper jaw fused with cranium
3. can estivate to hibernate in dry summers
1. Pectoral girdle separate from the skull 2. limbs with carpels, tarsals, and phalanges 3. sacral region - where the pelvic girdle attaches to the spine 4. Zygapophyses - interlocking vertebra
The largest group in Sarcopterygii.
characteristics of Tetrapods:
“Please Leave Sacred Zones”
Ichthyostega
Contender for 1st terrestrial tetrapod found in the late Devonian
Acanthostega
First true tetrapod with all 4 tetrapod characteristics found in the late Devonian
Tiktaalik
The “missing link” between tetrapods and tetrapod-like fishes
Coelacanthiformes
An ancient group of lobe-finned fishes with only 2 extant members (Actinistia and Sarcopterygii)
1. 2 dorsal fins
2. diphycercal caudal fin
3. rostral organ - senses electrical currents
4. intracranial joint
Latimeriidae
The Family Coelacanths belong to
Ceratodontiformes
The order that lungfish belong to, under Dipnoi
Neocerodontidae
Family of Australian lungfish
Lepidosirenidae
Family of South American lungfish