biology eoc review

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Activation Energy

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biology eoc review for the 2022-23 school year

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175 Terms
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Activation Energy

amount of energy needed to start a reaction

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Amino Acid

Bounded by peptide bonds; monomer of a protein

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Carbohydrate

(monosaccharides) main source of energy for the cell; 1 gram = 4 calories

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Catalyst

used in enzymes to lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction

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Enzyme

Protein and Catalyst; have an active site and a substrate

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Lipid

(1 glycerol = 3 fatty acids) used for long term energy storage, make up the phospholipid bilayer; 1 gram = 9 calories

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Monosaccharide

simple sugars, monomer for carbs (glucose and sucrose)

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Nucleic Acids

Made of nucleotides, function is to store genetic information which can be seen in DNA and RNA

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Organic Molecule

bounded molecules made of carbon

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Protein

(amino acids) referred to as the building blocks

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Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells; Cells come from other cells; Cells are the basic structure and function of an organism

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Differentiation

How cells (stem cells) get their jobs

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Eukaryote

Cells that have a nucleus, large, complex (Ex. Plants and Animals)

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Multicellular Organisms

Organisms composed of many cells (Ex. tissue, humans, etc.)

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Organelles

Small structures that perform various functions for the cell (reside within the cytoplasm)

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Prokaryote

Cells with no nucleus, small, simple (Ex. Bacteria)

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Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells

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Unicellular Organism

Organisms composed of only one cell (Ex. Bacteria)

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Passive Transport

No energy required; transport of small and medium materials across the plasma membrane (Osmosis, Diffusion, and Facilitated Diffusion)

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Diffusion

No energy required; transports molecules from high to low concentrations in order to even them out (for small materials)

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Osmosis

No energy required; transports WATER from high to low concentrations in order to even them out

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Facilitated Diffusion

"Semi-active" uses transport proteins to help move material across the plasma membrane, but still doesn't require energy

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Homeostasis

Internal condition is balanced

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Active Transport

Requires energy (ATP) for large molecules. Gets molecules across the cell through pumps and vesicles (endocytosis and exocytosis)

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Pumps

Molecules are "pumped" by a transport protein to get across the membrane, requiring energy

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Vesicles

Used when molecules are too large to pass through the membrane, even with the help of a transport protein

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Endocytosis

Large molecules going INTO the cell

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Exocytosis

Large molecules going OUT of the cell

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Concentration Gradient

Drives diffusion; moves from left to right

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Nucleus

Only in eukaryotic cells, holds DNA

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Mitochondria

Makes ATP, (Power house of the cell); Where Cellular Respiration occurs

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Chloroplast

Makes glucose for the plant; Where Photosynthesis occurs

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Lysosomes

Breaks down waste, food, etc.

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Vacuole

Where molecules, waste, etc. is stored; Bigger in Plant Cells

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Ribosomes

Makes protein; Where translation in protein synthesis occurs

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Rough ER

Transports Proteins; Has Ribosomes

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Smooth ER

Transports Proteins; Does not have Ribosomes

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Golgi Apparatus

UPS of the cell; Sorts and packages molecules

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Cilia

Movement for Eukaryotes

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Flagella

Movement for Prokaryotes

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Cell Membrane

Semi-permeable, therefore maintains homeostasis

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Nuclear Envelope

Controls what goes in/out of the nucleus

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Cell Wall

Only in Plant Cells; supports and provides protection

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Cytoplasm

dissolves nutrients, allowing diffusion to occur; holds all the organelles

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Hypotonic

Water only entering the cell, resulting in it being Lysed/Burst

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Isotonic

Same amount of water entering the cell as existing, resulting in an equilibrium, normal Cell

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Hypertonic

Water only exiting the cell, resulting in it being shriveled

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Photosynthesis

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Cellular Respiration

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Anaerobic Respiration

Doesn't require oxygen; includes Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation of Cellular Respiration

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ATP

Main source of energy for the cell; made in the Mitochondria. When used in the cell it turns into ADP and returns to the Mitochondria to be converted back

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Aerobic Respiration

Stage of Cellular Respiration that requires Energy; includes the Krebs Cycle and ETC

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

In Anaerobic Respiration- pyruvates break down creating energy (found in muscles)

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Alcohol Fermentation

In Anaerobic Respiration- occurs mostly in yeast, pyruvates break down forming alcohol, CO2, and releasing energy

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Chromosome

long thread of DNA containing genetic information

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Sister Chromatid

One of 2 strands of a chromosome that becomes visible during mitosis

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Centromere

region of chromosomes that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis

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Centriole

(fishing pole) cell organelle that produces spindle fibers

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Spindle Fibers

Fibers that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell and assists in the separation of chromosomes

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DNA

Makes up chromosomes and copies itself during cell division, provides a blueprint for protein synthesis by specific arrangement of nitrogenous bases; Deoxyribose, Double Helix

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Cell Cycle

Repeated pattern of growth and division that occurs in eukaryotes

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Daughter Cells

Created at the end of mitosis, each has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and will be identical to each other

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Mitosis

Somatic Cells undergo this in order to repair and regrow, creating two identical diploid daughter cells

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Interphase

G1: growth

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S: (synthesis) replicate DNA

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G2: growth

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Prophase

Preparing, Cell membrane begins to break down and spindle fibers form

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Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle and spindle fibers attach to the centromere

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Anaphase

Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart, pulling them away from the center of the cell

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Telophase

Cells membrane forms, spindle fibers retract, and chromosomes uncoil as the cell starts to become two

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Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells

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Cancer

Uncontrolled Cell Growth (tumor)

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Gamete

Sexual reproductive cell (egg and sperm)

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Somatic

Body cell (liver, skin, etc.)

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Haploid

(1n) one set of chromosomes (egg and sperm)

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Diploid

(2n) two sets of chromosomes from each parent

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Homologous Pair

Cluster of four chromosomes, two from male and two from female, can exchange genetic information through crossing over

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Zygote

offspring (baby) where the egg and sperm meet

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Crossing Over

Allows for genetic diversity where the genetic information from male and female swap; occurs during Prophase I

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Meiosis

Start with one diploid cell and end with four unique haploid cells

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Alleles

different forms of a gene (Ex. 'A')

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Dominant

Trait is always expressed if present

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Recessive

Trait is only seen if dominant allele isn't present

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Homozygous

When an organism has two alike alleles for a trait (Ex. AA or aa)

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