units 1 and 2 bio

Light Microscope

Uses visible light for illumination.

Electron Microscope

Uses a beam of electrons for illumination.

Magnification of Light Microscope

Up to ~1,000x.

Magnification of Electron Microscope

Up to ~2,000,000x.

Resolution of Light Microscope

~0.25-0.3 µm.

Resolution of Electron Microscope

~0.001 µm.

Specimen Type for Light Microscope

Can observe live or dead specimens.

Specimen Type for Electron Microscope

Can only observe dead or dried specimens.

Image Output of Light Microscope

Produces colored images.

Image Output of Electron Microscope

Produces black and white images (can be colorized digitally).

Lens Material of Light Microscope

Made of glass.

Lens Material of Electron Microscope

Uses electromagnetic lenses.

View Format of Light Microscope

2D (some stereo microscopes offer 3D).

View Format of Electron Microscope

2D or 3D depending on type (TEM or SEM).

Preparation Time for Light Microscope

Minutes to hours.

Preparation Time for Electron Microscope

Several days.

Portability of Light Microscope

Compact and movable.

Portability of Electron Microscope

Large, stationary equipment.

Cost of Light Microscope

Affordable for schools and hobbyists.

Cost of Electron Microscope

Expensive; used in advanced labs.

Applications of Light Microscope

Used in education, basic biology, and live cell study.

Applications of Electron Microscope

Used in nanotech, virology, and materials science.

Field of View (FOV)

The diameter of the visible area under the microscope.

Relationship between Magnification and FOV

As magnification increases, the field of view decreases.

Cell Theory - First Tenet

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Cell Theory - Second Tenet

The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things.

Cell Theory - Third Tenet

All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Robert Hooke

Coined the term 'cell' after observing cork under a microscope.

Matthias Schleiden

Proposed that all plants are made of cells.

Theodor Schwann

Concluded that all living things are composed of cells.

Rudolf Virchow

Added the tenet that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Conversion of Millimetre to Micrometre

1 mm = 1000 µm.

Example of Conversion

15 mm = 15 × 1000 µm = 15000 µm.

reliable data

data that has been judged to have a high level of reliability

can data be made more reliable

repetition and replication

validity

extent to which tests measure what was intended, how accurate the data inferences and data produced from tests are

biology

study of living things

organisms

living things that can respire to produce energy, grow, respond to stimuli, consume nutrients, reproduce and regulate their internal environment

biodiversity

range of different living things in a region

biosphere

any area on earth living things inhabit

genes

a section of DNA in a chromosome that codes for specific proteins

gene pool

sum of all genes including all different forms in a given population of one species

endemic

species native to region

biodiversity hotspot

an area with numerous endemic species a large number of endangered and threatened species

species

group of morphologically similar organisms that share a gene pool

ecosystem

all living organisms in a particular area and the non living components of their environments and their interactions

photosynthesis

chemical reaction using energy from the sun to convert CO2 + H2O to glucose and oxygen

population

a group of individuals belonging to the same species living in a particular area at the same time

global changes

climate, biochemical cycles, land use, species introduction

ecosystem function

provisioning services, cultural services, supporting services, regulating services

biological species concept

definition of species based on whether members can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

hybrid

non viable infertile offspring that can result from mating of two individuals from diff species

morphological species concept

definition of a species based physical characteristics (morphology)

phylogenetic species concept

a definition of species states a species compromises the smallest group of individuals sharing a common ancestor often determined through genetic analysis

common ancestor

a species from which to or more evolved from

phylogeny

the evolutionary ancestry of a species

extent

living

phylogenetic tree

based on common ancestry often determined through genetic analysis shows evolutionary relationship between organisms

how are all components of an ecosystem linked

cycling of nutrients

genetic diversity

variety of genetic traits within species

spatial

space occupied

spacial patterns are used to

understand extent and distribution of individuals in a species

distribution

location pattern of members of a species in an area

random distribution

irregular (cacti in desert)

clumped distribution

individuals in diff sized groups that are spaced out in non uniform manner (meerkats)

uniform distribution

evenly spaced individuals (trees in forest competing for sun)

bacteria

microscopic unicellular organisms that are prokaryotic

temporal

time, provides details about biodiversity in a certain area over a certain time period

taxa

group of organisms

what are the taxa

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

characteristics for classifying

phylogeny, morphological/ structure, molecular data/ DNA and proteins

methods of reproduction

asexual and sexual

organelle

specialised structure or component within a cell that has a specific function

what are proteins made of

sequences of amino acids

amino acids

nitrogen containing compound

dorsal nerve chord

bundle of nerve fibres that run down the back

what are animals

multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes that are classes based on body plans and developmental pathways

embryo

early stage in development

discussion

explain what results mean

autotrophic

produce own simple sugars through photosynthesis (plants)

what separates the to groups of plants

have or don't have vascular tissue

vascular tissue

tissue devoted to bulk transport of water, nutrient, sugars and other substances

non vascular plants

bryophytes (liverworts & mosses)

advantage of vascular tissue

transport more water faster therefore can grow faster

2 plant groups that reproduce using seeds

gymnosperms and angiosperms

seed

embryo with stored food supply

gymnosperms

non flowering plants have, pollen, naked seeds, seeds in cones

angiosperms

flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit

bryophytes

non vascular land plants

pteridophytes

seedless vascular plants, spores

classification seeds

tools used to identify organisms that belong to species that have already been discovered

how are organisms classified

physical features, habitats, ancestry

dichotomous

each step user has to choose between two options

evolution

slow incremental changes over time as organisms adapt to their environment

cladistics

a method of classifying organisms based on the characteristics they share

cladogram/phylogenetic tree

constructed using cladistics that show the evolutionary relationships between organisms

clade

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

limitations of cladistics

when unrelated organisms have evolved similar characteristics independently

paraphyletic

group that doesn't contain all organisms descended from the most recent common ancestor

example of paraphyletic class

reptile because birds also descended from dinosaurs