history combined flashcards

This was the last Han Chinese ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644.

ming dynasty

This was a Manchu-led dynasty that ruled China proper from 1644 to 1912.

qing dynasty

This was a policy of violent ethnic discrimination in which Han and other ethnic minorities were required to wear the Manchu hairstyle.

queue order

This was a Muslim eunuch and admiral who engaged in a series of treasure expeditions that projected Chinese power and wealth throughout the Indian Ocean and South China Sea.

zheng he

This was the disastrous silver-only tax policy implemented by the Ming Dynasty.

single whip law

The Portuguese founded this city in China as a trading colony

Macau

This was a major epidemic between 1633 – 1644 in China.

Great Plague

This was the Chinese emperor from 1661 – 1722 who vastly expanded Manchu-controlled territory and created one of the largest land empires of all time.

Kangxi Emperor

This is an ethnic minority in northern China that led the Qing Dynasty from 1644-1912.

Manchu peoples

These nations colonized Taiwan

Portugal, Netherlands, China

This was the massive infrastructure and defense program that largely crippled Ming economic power and failed to protect the northern territories of imperial China.

Great Wall

This was a written document that divided the newly-discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire (Crown of Castile), along a meridian west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.

Treaty of Tordesillas

This was a naval trade license or pass issued by the Portuguese Empire in the Indian ocean during the sixteenth century.

cartaz

This is an association with investors or shareholders that is incorporated and granted rights (often exclusive rights) by royal charter (or similar instrument of government) for the purpose of trade, exploration, and/or colonization.

chartered company

This was a forerunner of the modern corporation that was organized for undertakings requiring large amounts of capital. Money was raised by selling shares to investors, who became partners in the venture and shared profits according to the percentage of the investment or held shares.

joint stock

This a term which means "lineage" in Spanish and Portuguese and has historically been used as a racial and social identifier to describe mixed-race individuals in New Spain were resulting from unions of Spaniards, Amerindians, and Africans. 

spanish racial caste system

This was the name of the colony established in North America that centered around the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River.

new france

This was a legal entity that allowed companies to operate without risk to personal assets if the company failed or was sued.

corporation

This is the term used to describe a Spanish or Portuguese conqueror of lower nobility in the Americas that were often rewarded with a feudal land grant and title.

conquistador

This was the system of rewarding conquerors with land grants, noble title, and feudal authority of the American Indians and European settlers in the area.

encomienda system

These were European laborers who paid for their passage to the Americas by signing multi-year labor agreements; it was used as an initial source of labor in the 16^th and 17^th centuries.

indentured servants

This was the triangular system of trade that developed between the Americas, Europe, and the West African kingdoms which involved raw materials, manufactured goods, and the purchasing of slaves.

atlantic system

This was/these were the royal patron(s) of a series of exploratory expeditions along the coast of West Africa.

henry the navigator

This was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, the Old World, and West Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries.

the columbian exchange

This was a form of sail that allowed ships to sail perpendicular to the wind. (used on caravels – this got added to the notes late)

lateen sail

This was the Spanish conquistador who was largely responsible for coordinating the conquest of the Inca Empire in Andean range and west coast of South America.

francisco pizarro

This was the Portuguese explorer who first successfully made direct contact with India by sailing around the Cape of Africa.

vasco da gama

This was the official, state-enforced religious institution of England during the 17^th & 18^th centuries.

Anglican Church

These were a set of edicts from 1561-1565 that subjected any ‘dissenting’ religious groups to penal violations and/or forfeitures for not adhering to the Book of Common Prayer. 

Acts of Uniformity

This was the theological belief which justified the absolute power and authority of the monarch through the position’s connection to the direct will of God. 

Divine Right of Kings

This is the name for the first professional standing army in England

New Model Army

King of England and Scotland who first promoted idea of divine right of kings in England and created a new version of the Book of Common Prayer

King James VI and I

This king of England was ultimately executed by Parliament after losing a war to them

King Charles I

A conflict started in 1639 between the English monarchy and Scottish covenanters over being forced to use the Book of Common Prayer

Bishops’ War

A period of 11 years where King Charles I refused to call Parliament

Personal Rule

The two sides in the English Civil War were

Parliamentarians/Roundheads

Royalists/Cavaliers

The leader of the New Model Army and eventual Lord Protector of the English Protectorate

Oliver Cromwell

A Protestant religious group in England that wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church of Catholic influences. Was popular among members of Parliament

Puritan

The period after King Charles II was put back on the throne of England the Protectorate was abolished

Stuart Restoration

These two monarchs invaded England in 1688 and took the throne from King James II

William and Mary

A document signed by William and Mary in order to gain the throne that limited their power in comparison to Parliament

Declaration of Right

The name for the overall movement where absolute monarchy was phased out in England

Glorious Revolution

Absolute monarch of France from 1643 - 1715. He centralized state administration and moved nobles to a central location and incorporated them into his government

Louis XIV

A system of governance created in France during the late 17th century where bureaucrats gained administrative control over various districts from a central government

Intendant System

The tremendous palace complex Louis XIV had built in the mid-17th century where he forced nobles from across France to move to

Versailles

Louis XIV and Jean-Baptiste Colbert made these five changes to administering the state

Standing army

King had final law-making power

Taxes directed through bureaucracy

Removed toleration for Protestants

Art became tightly relegated by royal authorities

A contract created in England in 1215 that gave the nobility the ability to control taxation and advise the King directly

Magna Carta

The governing body of England, and later the United Kingdom, that grew out of the Magna Carta

Parliament

The two houses of English Parliament are

House of Lords

House of Commons

Originally Parliament had control of

Taxation

Removal of royal ministers

Assisting with royal succession

This was the series of conflicts between Parliament and the monarchy in England from 1642-1651.

English Civil War

This was the concept that the state was dependent upon the compliance of the populace, and, furthermore, that the populace is obligated to reform or replace states that fail to protect basic individual rights.

Consent of the governed

This was the 1748 publication in France that codified the theory that, to avoid absolutist tyranny, the powers of the state should be divided amongst executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

The Spirit of the Laws

The largely bloodless conflict in which the English monarch was replaced by William of Orange from the Netherlands.

Glorious Revolution

These are a set of inherent liberties & protections granted to all people upon birth.

Natural rights

This intellectual asserted the human mind was a 'blank slate' in late-17th century England.

John Locke

This was the 1651 book which asserted that human beings are, at least to a significant degree, selfish and aggressive, thus necessitating the existence of a sovereign authority (state) at the cost of specific, predetermined liberties to stave off anarchy.

Leviathan

Human beings are, at least to a significant degree, selfish and aggressive, thus necessitating the existence of a sovereign authority (state) at the cost of specific, predetermined liberties to stave off anarchy.

Social contract theory

This was the idea that states should be bound to a set of written rules & regulations, as deemed by the populace.

Constitutionalism

These were a set of edicts from 1561-1565 that subjected any 'dissenting' religious groups to penal violations and/or forfeitures for not adhering to the Book of Common Prayer.

Acts of Uniformity

This intellectual was a member of the French judiciary and wrote on the necessity of creating independent branches of government in order to help prevent an individual or group from wielding absolute state power.

Baron de Montesquieu

This was the theological belief which justified the absolute power and authority of the monarch through the position's connection to the direct will of God

Divine Right of Kings

The landmark document that protected the rights of members of Parliament—particularly those regarding judicial protections and protections on speech.

English Bill of Rights

This was the idea that, in order to avoid absolutist tyranny, the powers of the state should be divided amongst executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

Separation of Powers

This 16th-century monarch who asserted his position as the head of English Church with the Act of Supremacy.

Henry VIII

This 16th-century monarch who asserted his position as the head of English Church with the Act of Supremacy.

King Henry VIII

This intellectual helped formulate the first set of theories which asserted the necessity of a state to prevent anarchy following the series of conflicts known as the English Civil War from 1642-1651.

Thomas Hobbes

This landmark document in 1215 referenced by many 17th-century thinkers when referring to limitations on the English monarch regarding Parliament

Magna Carta

This intellectual loathed the combination of church and state arguing state-enforced religion led to persecution.

Voltaire

Opponents of state-enforced religion during the Age of Enlightenment argued, instead, for which policy?

religious toleration

main economic mode in europe and colonies

mercantilism

what is mercantilism

exporting a lot and importing little

cash crop plantations

sugar, cotton, tobacco

where was most coloniess

caribbean

who works on plantations in caribbean

african chattel slaves

what were dutch called after independence

dutch republic

what is the dutch republic

confederation

what was dutch republic’s top position in goverment

stadtholder

who hols position of stadtholder

the house of orange

what war was at the beginning of the 18th century

the war of spanish succession

1754: main colonial powers (english and france) having tensions in america

french and indian war

1756: war broke out cuz prussia allies with britain and holy roman empire ends frane rivalry

seven years war

france gives britain its colonies which were cslled

new france

what did british east india company trade

cotton, tea, spices, saltpeter

where did british east india company get most money

tax farmin

what does british east india company cause

great bengal famine of 1770

This was the union of several independent Hindu states that dominated a large portion of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century.

Maratha Confederacy

England became a Protestant country during the Reformation when its

king declared himself head of the Church of England

Renaissance artists did all of the following EXCEPT

glorified riches and wealth

This was the name of Japan’s period of isolation from roughly 1639-1853.

Sakoku

Which of the following is famous for creating the statues of David and Pietà, and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?

Michelangelo Buonarroti

How did Renaissance discoveries lead to the Age of Exploration?

Advances in printing spread knowledge of foreign lands

In his 95 Theses, Martin Luther criticized

the selling of indulgences

The first literary and artistic expressions, as well as the highest cultural achievements, were centered in what Northern Italian city-state?

Florence

German princes were granted the power to decide the religion of their states in the

Peace of Augsburg

What was NOT one of the English Parliament’s original functions?

Passing laws

This was the work in 1776 that articulated many of the fundamental economic ideals for free market capitalism.

The Wealth of Nations

The Portuguese explorer who first successfully made direct contact with India by sailing around the Cape of Africa.

Vasco da Gama

The Spanish conquistador who was largely responsible for coordinating the conquest of the Inca Empire in Andean range and west coast of South America.

Francisco Pizarro

A Muslim eunuch and admiral who engaged in a series of treasure expeditions that projected Chinese power and wealth throughout the Indian Ocean and South China Sea.

Zheng He