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Mastaba
bench-like funerary structure
term means bench in arabic
tombs for the elite and officials
used in the development of the step pyramid
had offering shrines (in a room called the serdab) with statues of the diseased
Red Land, Black Land
a sign of the duality of Egypt
Tawy ("the two lands")
"kemet" = the black land where silt is deposited during inundation
black land is the nile valley (fertile soil, lots of people live there)
black land has nutrition
"deshret" = where nobody lives, dessert and sad
black land is the nile valley (fertile soil, lots of people live there)
red land = foreign land
red land is sandy, less people live there
black land has nutrition
Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt
Nile Delta = Lower Egypt
"ta-shemau"
Lower Egypt --> more marshy land, produces reeds (which makes papyrus), humid
Nile Valley = Upper Egypt
"ta-mehu"
Upper Egypt --> floodplains, lots of silt, grows a lot of grain for bread and beer
Wadi Hammamat
the desert valley from the Nile to the Red Sea
major mining region that had a lot of expensive natural resources
resources lie copper, tin, gold, greywacke
expeditions to Wadi Hammamat were recorded bc they were such administrative feats
material for the king's sarcophagus was collected here
dangerous territory
texts:
papyrus map of wadi hammahat
mentuhotep iv quarrying inscriptions
Manetho
255-240 BCE
Ptolemaic period
wrote the Aegyptiaca-- a written history of the past kings of Egypt
actual work is lost
wrote in Greek (Egypt was ruled by Greece at that time)
his work is cited and referenced in other scholarly works hundreds of years after him
the pyramids of Ancient Egypt were already ancient to him
Kinglists
historical records of the ruling kings of Egypt
sometimes people would leave out kings if they were not considered "worthy" (ex. female kings, kings that were considered weak or their succession was challenged, etc)
people would make seals/impressions of the kinglists and press them on clay
offered legitimacy to kings/dynasties and were often found in tombs/pyramids
palermo stone is an example of a kinglist
Ma'at
the egyptian concept of order
relates back to the idea of duality: order over chaos, etc (ma'at vs. isfet)
kings were expected to keep ma'at
divine order
Naquada Culture
late predynastic period
can be divided into naquada 1, 2, and 3
material culture-- seeing how culture changes through changes in material goods/objects
had Tomb 100
sites in Upper Egypt (like Hierakonpolis)
showed shift from burials in ground to people in power getting tombs
Umm el-Qaab at Abydos
burial ground/funerary site dating to predynastic period/first dynasty
earliest evidence of written language found here
there were subsidiary graves-- people were killed and buried near the person in power
narmer palette was found here
Step Pyramid
3rd dynasty
built by King Djoser
showed the transition to the old kingdom period
built out of stone, not out of mudbrick like previous burial tombs
built in stages-- a mastaba, then a smaller pyramid encompassing the mastaba, then a larger pyramid encompassing all three
built at Saqqara
Sneferu
king of the 4th dynasty
built the first true pyramid
built three pyramids at daishur and meidum
used the most stone out of all the kings for building pyramids
Abusir Papyri
5th dynasty
administrative papyri that details people leaving offerings at the temple of a king that passed 50 years prior to the abusir papyri
showed that people still worshipped the kings after their passing
showed records of important temple items being repaired
Merer
4th dynasty senior administrator
wrote a logbook that recorded the transport of Tura limestone (which was prized for how white it was) to Khufu's pyramid
logbook detailed transporting the limestone, paying workers in bread
Pyramid town of Giza
4th dynasty
a town where workers (administrators, builders, craftsmen, etc) for the pyramids of Giza lived
workers for Giza were likely part of a corvee labor force
bakeries found at the site make us think that bread and beer formed the majority of the workers diet
there was also evidence of meat (cattle/goat/sheep slaughter and fish)
hieratic
an older script of egyptian
a "cursive" form of heiroglyphs
used for day-to-day writing (tax documents, letters, etc) until the development of the demotic script
Merer's logbook was written in hieratic
Hieroglyphs
ancient egyptian writing system
"sacred carving" in greek
each hieroglyph was a picture of something in the world to represent what they depict
also used the rebus principle
the rosetta stone was monumental in helping us decipher hieroglyphs
scribe
scribes were writers and record keepers
highly educated--> literacy rates in egypt were low (esp in the old and middle kingdom) so scribes were elite officials
would go to scribal schools to learn the trade of writing and reading
Ankhtifi
-9th-10th dynasty (first intermediate period)
nomarch of the 2nd and 3rd nomes
talked about giving bread to the ungry and clothing to the naked, etc etc et
talks about taking care of towns in crisis
brags about how his nome didn't go hungry while upper egypt was starving
talks about himself like a king-- talks about how Horus fetched him to rehabilitate nome of Edfu