Basic Principles in Pharmacology

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Pharmacology

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196 Terms
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Pharmacology

Study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes.

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Drug

udes any substance that alters physiologic function in an organism, regardless of whether the effect is beneficial or harmful.

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Toxicology

Study of the harmful effects of chemicals, Branch of pharmacology which deal with the undesirable effects of chemicals from individual cells to complex ecosystems.

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Medical Pharmacology

Science of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease.

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Pharmacotherapeutics

Area of pharmacology that refers to the use of specific drugs to prevent, treat, or diagnose disease.

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Pharmacokinetics

Study of how body deals with the drugs in terms of way the drug is absorbed, distributed and eliminated.

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Pharmacodynamics

Analysis of what the drugs does to the body, including mechanism of action by which drug exerts its effect.

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Pharmacy

Deals with preparation and dispensing of medications.

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Chemical name of Drug

Refers to the specific structure of the compound and are normally fairly long and cumbersome.

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Generic name (Official/ Non-proprietary)

Often derived from chemical name, and used by physicians in prescribing.

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Trade name (Proprietary/ Brand)

Assigned to the compound by the pharmaceutical company and may or may not bear any reference at all to the chemical and generic terminology.

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Phase I

Drug development approval phase which small number (<100) of healthy volunteers, <1 year, determine effects, safe dosage, and pharcokinetics

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Preclinical testing

Drug development approval phase which subjects are laboratory animals, takes 1-2 yrs, and determine drug effects and safety.

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Phase II

Drug development phase that asses drug's effectiveness in treating a specific disease/ disorder, 200-300 subjects with disorder, takes up to 2 yrs.

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Phase III

Drug development phase that asses safety and effectiveness in larger patient population (1000-3000), and takes upto 3 years.

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Phase IV

Drug development and approval phase in which monitors any problems that occur after NDA approval.

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Orphan drugs

Drugs that treat rare diseases (<200,000)

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Off-label prescribing

Use of drug to treat conditions other than those that drug was originally approved to treat.

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OTC (Over the counter) Medications

Used to treat relatively minor problems and to make the consumer more comfortable until the condition is resolved.

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Prescription Medications

May be ordered or dispensed only by an authorized practitioner.

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Rx

recipe or recipere

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a

before

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ac

before meals

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Agit

Shake, stir

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Aq

Water

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Aq dest

Distilled water

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bid

Twice a day

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c

with

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gr

grain

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cap

capsule

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D5W

dextrose 5% in water

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dil

dilute, dissolve

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disp, dis

dispense

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elix

elixir

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ext

extract

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g

gram

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IVPB

IV piggyback

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gtt

Drops

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h

Hour

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hs

at bedtime

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IA

Intra-arterial

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IM

Intramuscular

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IV

Intravenous

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OD

Right eye

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OS, OL

Left eye

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OTC

Over the counter

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OU

Both eyes

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P

after

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pc

After meals

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PO

By mouth

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qhs

every night at bedtime

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Rept, repet

May be repeated

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Rx

Take

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kg

kilogram

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mEq, meq

Milliequivalent

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Mg

Milligram

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Mcq

Microgram

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no

Number

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Non rep

Do not repeat

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PR

Per rectum

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prn

As needed

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q

Every

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qam, om

Every morning

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qd

everyday

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q2h

Every 2 hours

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sos

If needed

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ss

one-half

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stat

At once, immediately

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S

without

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SC, SQ

Subcutaneous

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Sid

Once a day

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Sig, S

Label

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tid

three times a day

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tr, tinct

Tincture

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tsp

teaspoon (Use 5 ml)

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U

units (write units)

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vaq

Vaginal

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i,ii,iii,iv

one, two, three, four

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sup, supp

suppository

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susp

suspesion

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tab

Tablet

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tbsp.

tablespoon (use 15 ml)

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Schedule I

Drug category of drugs regarded as having the highest potential for abuse and the legal use of agents in this category is restricted to approved research studies or therapeutic use in a very limited number of patients.

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