Basic Principles in Pharmacology

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196 Terms

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Pharmacology
Study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes.
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Drug
udes any substance that alters physiologic function in an organism, regardless of whether the effect is beneficial or harmful.
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Toxicology
Study of the harmful effects of chemicals, Branch of pharmacology which deal with the undesirable effects of chemicals from individual cells to complex ecosystems.
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Medical Pharmacology
Science of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease.
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Pharmacotherapeutics
Area of pharmacology that refers to the use of specific drugs to prevent, treat, or diagnose disease.
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Pharmacokinetics
Study of how body deals with the drugs in terms of way the drug is absorbed, distributed and eliminated.
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Pharmacodynamics
Analysis of what the drugs does to the body, including mechanism of action by which drug exerts its effect.
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Pharmacy
Deals with preparation and dispensing of medications.
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Chemical name of Drug
Refers to the specific structure of the compound and are normally fairly long and cumbersome.
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Generic name (Official/ Non-proprietary)
Often derived from chemical name, and used by physicians in prescribing.
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Trade name (Proprietary/ Brand)
Assigned to the compound by the pharmaceutical company and may or may not bear any reference at all to the chemical and generic terminology.
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Phase I
Drug development approval phase which small number (
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Preclinical testing
Drug development approval phase which subjects are laboratory animals, takes 1-2 yrs, and determine drug effects and safety.
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Phase II
Drug development phase that asses drug's effectiveness in treating a specific disease/ disorder, 200-300 subjects with disorder, takes up to 2 yrs.
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Phase III
Drug development phase that asses safety and effectiveness in larger patient population (1000-3000), and takes upto 3 years.
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Phase IV
Drug development and approval phase in which monitors any problems that occur after NDA approval.
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Orphan drugs
Drugs that treat rare diseases (
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Off-label prescribing
Use of drug to treat conditions other than those that drug was originally approved to treat.
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OTC (Over the counter) Medications
Used to treat relatively minor problems and to make the consumer more comfortable until the condition is resolved.
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Prescription Medications
May be ordered or dispensed only by an authorized practitioner.
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Rx
recipe or recipere
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a
before
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ac
before meals
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Agit
Shake, stir
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Aq
Water
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Aq dest
Distilled water
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bid
Twice a day
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c
with
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gr
grain
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cap
capsule
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D5W
dextrose 5% in water
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dil
dilute, dissolve
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disp, dis
dispense
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elix
elixir
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ext
extract
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g
gram
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IVPB
IV piggyback
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gtt
Drops
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h
Hour
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hs
at bedtime
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IA
Intra-arterial
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IM
Intramuscular
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IV
Intravenous
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OD
Right eye
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OS, OL
Left eye
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OTC
Over the counter
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OU
Both eyes
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P
after
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pc
After meals
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PO
By mouth
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qhs
every night at bedtime
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Rept, repet
May be repeated
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Rx
Take
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kg
kilogram
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mEq, meq
Milliequivalent
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Mg
Milligram
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Mcq
Microgram
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no
Number
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Non rep
Do not repeat
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PR
Per rectum
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prn
As needed
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q
Every
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qam, om
Every morning
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qd
everyday
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q2h
Every 2 hours
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sos
If needed
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ss
one-half
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stat
At once, immediately
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S
without
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SC, SQ
Subcutaneous
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Sid
Once a day
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Sig, S
Label
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tid
three times a day
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tr, tinct
Tincture
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tsp
teaspoon (Use 5 ml)
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U
units (write units)
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vaq
Vaginal
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i,ii,iii,iv
one, two, three, four
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sup, supp
suppository
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susp
suspesion
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tab
Tablet
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tbsp.
tablespoon (use 15 ml)
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Schedule I
Drug category of drugs regarded as having the highest potential for abuse and the legal use of agents in this category is restricted to approved research studies or therapeutic use in a very limited number of patients.
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Ex. Heroin, lysergic acid

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diethylamide (LSD),

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tetrahydrocannabinols

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Schedule II
These drugs are approved for specific therapeutic purposes but still have a high potential for abuse and possible addiction.
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Ex. Opiods such as morphine and meperidine, phenoorbital, drugs containing amphetamine

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Schedule III
These drugs have a lower abuse potential than those in schedule I and II but there is still the possibility of developing mild to moderate physical dependence or strong psychologic dependence or both.
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Ex. Opiods such as codeine and hydocodone

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Schedule IV
These drugs supposedly have a lower potential for abuse than schedule III drugs, with only a limited possibility of physical dependance, psychologic dependence, or both.
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Ex. bezodiazepines like diazepam, chlordizepoxide, Opiod like pentazocine and

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propoxyphene barbiturates not included in other schedules and a variety of other depressants and stimulants

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Schedule V
These drugs have the lowest relative drug abuse potential.
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Ex. Opioids in cough medications antidiarrheal preparation