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upwards of 90% of this electrolyte is in ionized from in blood
phosphate
the largest electrolyte in the ICF is
phosphate
which factor does not take part in regulating the output of fluid when ECF volume is low
insulin
the dominant negative ion in the ECF (plasma and interstitial)
Chloride
the dominant caption in the ECF is
sodium
which electrolyte might decrease in the ECF with hydrogen ions
potassium
this electrolyte in high concentration can induce sudden cardiac death
potassium
which is not an essential function of calcium
fluid shift and balance
this enzyme excretion in urine is regulated by ADH-ANP aldosterone
sodium
which is not true in hypertonicity of ECF?
movement of water into ECF from other compartments
which resistant starches are crystallized
R2 and R3
which application is correct in diverticulitis
reduced fiber diet
which hormonal changes occur in response to high blood pressure
increased insulin, decreased glucagon
the transporter liver cells facilitates fructose uptake
GLUT5
in what form do carbohydrates enter the bloodstream
monosaccharides
which polysaccharide haas both soluble and insoluble characteristics
hemicellulose
these compounds combine to initiate citrate/ TCA cycle are
oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA
the rate controlling enzyme is glycolysis is
phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
which is not an irreversible step enzyme in gluconeogenesis
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
which is most dependent on the product NADPH from the penthouse phosphate pathway for production from oxidation
mammary gland
in what organ compartment are the enzymes that oxidize glucose located
cytoplasm matrix
what tissue capable of glycogenesis cannot contribute tip blood glucose levels during fasting due to absence of the enzyme glucose 6 phosphates
muscle
which process does insulin stimulate
glycogenesis
glycemic load is a measure of
quanitity and quality of carbohydrate in food
the SGLT 1 active transport is important in the mutation associated with
Glucose galactose malabsorption
fructose transport into specialized cells such as cardiac muscle is facilitated by
GLUT 4
the enzyme needed to hydrolyze the alpha 1,6 bond off amylopectin is
isomaltase
in what form do carbohydrates enter the bloodstream
monosaccharides
what is the most stored homopolysaccharide in animal cells
glycogen
why is amylase unable digest cellulose
it does not recognize. the point of hydrolysis
the function of the amino acid tyrosine includes all but
synthesis of serotonin
sarcopenia means
loss in body mass/fat tissue
what is the key role of SAM in human physiology
single methyl donor
the protein reduces oxidants like peroxide radicals to water is
glutathione
which is not aa neurotoxin found in phenylketonuria
phenyl citrate
maple syrup disease is caused by failure in branched alpha kept acid dehydrogenase in
skeletal muscle
the enzymatic digestion of macronutrients binds is by the chemical process (apple)
hydrolysis
which compounds should be restricted in tyrosinemia
phenylanine; tyrosine
which is not a functional category of proteins
inhibitor
a gastric tumor cell secretes a compound that dentures proteins. which compound is expected to increase in the gastric lumen
hydrochloric acid
which amino acid is not involved in the pathology of maple syrup urine disease
lysine
which macronutrients can reduce the demand for amino acid degradation for ATP synthesis
carbohydrates
which is not a site for protein degradation in a cell
Golgi apparatus
which is not a biogenic amine
oxaloacetate
the peptide (methionine-alanine-lysine) is unique for what reason
has disulfide bonds
which of the following changes does not occur with age
increased body mass
tripeptide found in the blood circulation of a person with normal gastrointestinal function is less likely to be from
the enterocytes
what happens to tripeptides and dipeptides that are absorbed by the enterocytes
degraded to amino acids
as a nutritionist, which us the most expedient means to prevent amino acid related illness in an infants with a gene mutation that causes metabolic derangement
exclude it from the diet
aminopeptidase cleaves peptide bonds adjacent to
N-terminal amino acid
which is the main amino acid transport mechanism in the. baasolateral membrane of enterocytes
ATPase/K/Na pump
which enzyme activates all the proteases in the small intestine including itself
pancreatic trypsin
which factor distinguished electrolytes from non electrolytes
form covalent bonds
which might render the most effective skin treatment among carotenoids?
beta carotene
Thee micelle transport of vitamins E into the enterocyte occur by this transport mode
by passive transport
Vitamin A are stored primarily in these cells?
stellate cells
This provitamin vitamin is important in cell differentiation and proliferation
beta carotene
which of the following is not a classic result of vitamin A deficiency
spinal bifida occulta
activation of vitamin D2 occurs in this organ
kidney
which fat-soluble vitamin regulate the differentiation of stem cells in bone tissue?
vitamin D3
what is the main characteristic of rickets?
growing bones metric fail to mineralize properly
which is the reference compound for the vitamin A activity and RDA?
retinol
which is incorrect about vitamin D?
inhibits the differentiation of hair follicles and skin cells
which vitamin E property makes it unique for cell membrane storage
influence gene expression
why does vitamin K. have high toxicity tendency?
they are stored in adipocytes
which vitamin E properly makes it. unique for cell membrane storage?
antioxidant capacity
vitamin E reduces heart disease primarily through
reduce atherosclerotic plaque formation
which of these condition mine one not find vitamin E deficiency
colitis
vitamin E deficiency might result in all except
enact skeletal muscle cell membrane
which is an unlikely means of excreting vitamin E from the body
hair loss
which form of vitamin k has high propensity for toxicity in large amounts
menadione
what is the chemical name of plant sources vitamin K
phylloquinone
vitamin K deficiency will prevent ___ of the clotting factors
carboxylation
why do newborns receive vitamin k injection at birth
to prevent microvascular bleeding
____ is important in releasing vitamin E from complexed lipids in the GI tract
lipases
the length of time advised in class to give zinc for wound healing is?
14 weeks
which might not be present in iodine deficiency
myxedema
which is unlikely to be seen in cretinism
normal growth pattern
This mineral has anabolic growth effect?
iodine
copper deficiency in the organ systems due to chromosome aberration is?
Menkes disease
Deficiency of this nutrient high be seen in long-term total parenteral feeding?
selenium
the nutrient can decrease dental carries
fluoride
discolored teeth might be symptomatic of excess levels of this mineral
fluoride
this nutrient enhances insulin activity and glucose tolerance?
chromium
this nutrient is important in the metabolism of methionine and arginine
arsenic
the most potent vitamin A is
retinol
which vitamin A enters portal blood directly and attach to albumin for transport
retinoic acid
toxicity of this vitamin manifests as hair loss, ataxia, dry itchy, and flaky skin
vitamin A
the lesser amount of vitamin D absorbed by the intestine is transported by
chylomicron
osteomalacia may present in deficiency of all except one
Magnesium
which is not a secondary storage site for vitamin E
heart
this nutrient may be restricted during warfarin therapy
vitamin K
which specialized organelle in cells makes ribosomes
nucleolus
which aspect of nutritional genomic studies how nutrient influence gene activities?
nutrigenomics
the single nucleotide polymorphism in phenylketonuria?
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
the disease cause by mutation of 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene(MTHFR gene) can be treated with high doses of this nutrient?
folic acid
which is not an example of how a latent gene interaction with environment can result in disease
sickle cell anemia
which compound is key to the inflammatory process in cells
arachidonic acid
vitamin a and carotenoids reach the liver by what means
coupled to ceruloplasmin
gene mutation in the small intestine prevents the absorption of vitamin D. What is not a treatment option for the person?
supplement vitamin D capsule
Note 
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