Studied by 13 peopleZollverein
The German Customs Union, where the millions upon millions of german states are able to trade among each other with no tariffs or nothing
protective tariffs
tariffs that are placed on foreign imports to prevent severe competition; encourages growth within a community
capital
essentially any financial asset → trading, working, debt, etc.
example, bourgeoisie had capital to spend on stuff
domestic markets
SuPplY anD DemAnD
the business cycle
The overall fluctuation of GDP over time
Liberalism
Dominant Bourgeoisie ideology during 19th century
The protection of individual liberty → to greatest happiness for the greatest number
“Negative liberty” → freedom from interference
Positive liberty → the freedom to get to do things
Conservatism
Dominant Traditional Ruling Elite Ideology (cause they don’t want to lose their job :o) → also like poor poor peasants
Things are fine right now, change is dangerous
Socialism
Fringe-radical idea at beginning of 19th century
end of 19th century = dominant
Popular among poor, urban workers
Progress through rational social change
Worth and rationality of all people
Tabula rasa - people formed through their experiences
Nationalism
My country is good. I am part of my country. Go france :)
Romanticism
Dude, I just want to FEEEEEL
utopian socialism
Early form of socialism
Describe what the goal is like
Everybody has different ideas of what the world should look like
What the ideal socialist life is like
→ for example, a place where you don’t have to do anything
marxism (a.k.a. scientific socialism)
Who owns the stuff?
History starts when a group of men claims stuff → create classes
Class struggle
The state should have the stuff → Feudalism → capitalism → communism
David Ricardo
One of the economic theorists
you cannot change the fact that poor are poor
John Stuart Mill
Happiness to all
Edmund Burke
Change sucks but i guess we need it
Charles Fourier
Equality in phalanxes
Karl Marx
the guy who came up with marxism → the ideal goal is communism
Francisco de Goya
Enlightenment guy (Believed in French Revolution)
Hated absolute monarchy
Continued to collect checks from the royal family while making fun of them
that one painting where the monarchs look derpy
Caspar David Friedrich
Religious + spiritual contemplation of nature
Single-handedly made landscape paintings popular
man carried the landscape art
Eugene Delacroix
Making fun of Jacque Louis David (Death of Socrates)
Reaction against neoclassical norms
No moral (looks dope tho)
reform socialism
All you need is a real, democratic society
Poor people will vote rich people out of existence
Society where government controls capital and uses capital for the betterment of society
“guys, please, let’s just vote it out like a civil society”
revolutionary socialism
Democracy WILL NOT WORK
Rich people control the media and systems and will use ideology to make sure that poor people cannot vote
Only way is to violently rise up and kill the bourgeoisie
“RIOT RIOT RIOT RIOT RIOT RIOT”
Klemens von Metternich
At this point, an old guy who refused to make any changes, so was booted (Germany)
The Holy Alliance
Austria, Russia, and Prussia being buds. If revolution, then they will step in to stop revolution. except that one time austria completely ignored russia, but shhhhhh
The Concert of Europe
the agreement between countries to step in to stop revolutions and place the previous monarchs on the throne. became relatively irrelevant after this time period though
Mazzini
young italy movement continues to spread nationalist ideas throughout italy → more revolution
What were the basic tenets of Liberalism, which societal interests did they tend to represent?
Free Market :D
Constitutionalism :D (rights rights rights)
Democracy D: (only tax payers should vote)
What was the Liberal stance on addressing the poverty and inequality resulting from industrialization?
The poor people should not be able to vote. Just read them the bible since giving them food and crap will lead to them multiplying more.
What were the basic tenets of Conservatism, which societal interests did they tend to represent?
Minimize societal change
Tradition and social hierarchy :D
What was the difference between hardcore conservatives, like Metternich, and moderate conservatives, like Burke?
Diehard conservatives -
Everything should go back to the way it was
Resist all change
Moderate conservatives -
Slow, gradual reform building on traditions
Little changes all the time instead of one giant explosion
What were the primary concerns of socialism?
The growing inequality and injustice for poor, urban workers during the Industrial Revolution sparked the growth of socialism.
What was the main difference between utopian and scientific socialism?
For utopian socialism, the schemes were generally unworkable and all fantastical. Scientific laid an achievable base for the future (although still was not quite specific).
What are the essential ideas of nationalism?
Each nation should govern itself without the intervention of other nations. The overall feeling of being connected with other people of the same nation.
What are some different ways that the idea of the nation was formulated and how did the political implications of the formulations differ?
Improved transport made people realize that some people share similar backgrounds and values to them while others were different
Better communication
the newspaper → newspapers have to have a language, which means that people were grouped by language
→ larger imagined community (outside of local)
French Revolution
Nationalism spread throughout the continent after Paris
What was the political impact of nationalism in Europe from 1830 - 1871?
Gave people a sense of identity and unity
increased competition among nation-states
How can Romanticism be seen as a reaction against industrialization and the failure of the French Revolution?
New Values
Nature over civilization
Emotion over reason
Individual over society
escaping modern realities → against the rationalization that was popular during the industrial revolution
The Congress of Vienna
the diplomatic meeting between the powers of europe to decide how to maintain the balance of power
The Greek War of Independence
Greece is finally relevant. Greece revolted against Turkey, and eventually became independent from it.
Revolutions of 1830
Changes:
Successful liberal resistance in Western Europe (France and England)
Failure to address working class concerns in west
Failed Liberal-Nationalist uprisings in the Central Europe (Italy, Portugal)
Belgium and Greece emerge as independent nations
Revolutions of 1848
Theme: how do the governments balance stability and modernization?
If you industrialize too fast, you risk overcrowding, shock, revolution
If you modernize too slow, you fall behind
The turning point that failed to turn
Charles X
French monarch that showed up after Louis XVIII
A goober
Rising food prices due to poor harvest
Dissolution of Chamber → even more liberal returns in election
Four Ordinances: new election laws favoring conservatives, censorship of press, redo of election
July: spontaneous mass protests in Paris → Charles force to flee the country
Louis Philippe
New constitutional monarch…this time, Louis Philippe
Slightly widen franchise (still less than 1% of population, property restrictions remain in place)
doesn’t really address any of the actual problems
Young Italy
Northern Italian resentment of Habsburg rule
Growing sense of Italian unity
Growing liberalism among italians
→ several northern provinces declare independence from Austria
Italian unification attempt
Rotten Boroughs
New cities receive minimal representation
Old boroughs receive inflated representation (rotton boroughs)
The Reform Bill of 1832
Conservatives fear civil war → pass the reform bill of 1832
Redrawn districts based on population
Small increase in franchise 1 in 5 adults males qualified
British politics now split between liberals and conservatives
The Second Republic (France)
Louis-Philippe flees France → Second Republic declared by bourgeois liberals who claim to speak for the revolution
Provisional government formed: only one worker “Albert” in new government
Government workhouses
Attempts to address workers concerns
Commission of workers
Government workhouses
→ workers from all around france goes into workhouses and goes bankrupt
Albert the worker
The one regular guy in a group of bourgeoisie. Albert will surely save us
Chartism
Political:
Universal manhood suffrage, parliamentary salaries, secret ballot, annual elections
People’s Charter: millions of signatures, no response for parliament
Economic:
Workers organizations (unions), strikes
Limited success
Gender:
Some demand political rights for women
Many support the EXCLUSION of women from political and economic activates “bread winners”
The Frankfurt Assembly
(german philadelphia)
Representatives elected by all German states including Austria and Prussia
Goals:
Establish a liberal constitutional monarchy
German unification
Lajos Kossuth
Budapest → demand Hungarian independence → _______ defeats Habsburg forces → crushed by Russian Army
Highly organized hungarian army
Defeat habsburg army
Declare independent
Russia beats hungary → gives it back to austria
Which ideological movements would have been most pleased with the Peace settlements reached in the Congress of Vienna? Why would the others have been displeased?
The Peace settlements reached in the Congress of Vienna were primarily conservative, as they were looking to destroy any uprisings in other countries, along with restoring previous monarchs to the throne. Ideologies such as liberalism and socialism may have been displeased since (especially liberalism) advocated for change in the government.
What changes helped to destabilize the diplomatic settlements reached during the Congress of Vienna?
Creation of French Empire (1852)
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Russia invaded Ottoman Empire
Italian Unification (1860-1866)
German Unification (1871)
How did the members of Concert of Europe work together to maintain the status quo in the first half of the 19th century?
Strict adherence to conservatism; the countries attempted to crush rebellions across the European continent and not take any land
What factors lay behind the 1830 revolutions in France, Italy, Poland and Belgium?
Rise of romantic nationalists
rise of liberals who wanted change in the government
economic instability (as always)
Which ideologies were the driving forces behind the 1830 Revolutions in France, Italy, Poland and Belgium?
liberals were often revolting against conservative monarchs/governments
What were the outcomes of the 1830 revolutions in France, Italy, Poland and Belgium?
Belgium - independent
France - Successful liberal resistance
Poland - still split (nommed by russia)
Italy - Failed Liberal-Nationalist uprisings
What factors lay behind the 1848 revolutions in France, Germany, and Austria
France - general money bad (two failed harvests)
Germany - split up into many pieces, so intellectual bourgeoisie uprising
Austria - different states of Austria rebel due to nationalism
Which ideologies were the driving forces in these revolutions?
Socialism was the main ideology
What were the outcomes of these revolutions?
Austria → somehow managed to keep it together
slow decline
France → elects Louis Napoleon
turns out to be a conservative clown
Germany → ALMOST becomes constitutional
then doesn’t
How was Britain able to avoid the sort of large scale revolutions that rocked the continent in 1830 and 1848?
success of reform political measures
non-violent Chartist movements
The Crimean War
Marks the end of the Concert of Europe (Russia invades the Ottomans → i forgot they existed ngl)
Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)
the french leader during the crimean war. He wants to be flashy and look good in front of france, so he’ll join just about any easy-to-win war
Plebiscite
“A direct vote in which the entire electorate is invited to accept or refuse a proposal.” according to google anyway
Baron Haussmann
“French official…chosen by Emperor Napoleon III to carry out a massive urban renewal program of new boulevards, parks and public works in Paris”
→ now those roads are exactly why France was screwed over by Germany later
Realpolitik
using any practical method to achieve political goals
Don’t worry about ideology
Don’t worry about morality
JUST GET THE JOB DONE
Piedmont-Sardinia
the area of Italy that planned to unify northern italy
Camillo Cavour
prime minister of piedmont sardinia → actually did stuff like plan
Giuseppe Garibaldi
the general that overthrows Sicily and then willingly gives all of italy to Kingdom of Italy
what a great guy
Otto von Bismarck
Reactionary Prussian Aristocrat
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Goal: Unify Germany while keeping the Prussia Aristocracy and Monarchy in charge
(Realpolitik guy)
The Austro-Prussian War
Prussia provokes Austria by body-blocking them from their own territory. Austria declares war and Prussia demolishes them
The North German Confederation
After Prussia wiped the floor with Austria, the little tiny protestant states in Germany combine with Prussia
The Franco-Prussian War
Essentially, Bismarck annoys France until France declares war on Prussia
The German Empire
Where Prussia went around waging a bunch of wars (mainly by poking at Austria and France) to collect the German states like pokemon, then made one giant germany
The Reichstag
The German Parliament
Gladstone and Disraeli
The Liberal and Conservative leaders of Britain;
Liberal guy was pretty boring (liked Laissere fair economics and thought that only smart rich dudes should be in charge)
Conservative guy was clearly Victoria’s favorite (gasp, was Jewish)
Austria-Hungary (The Dual Monarchy)
The combination of Austria and Hungary, where there are basically two separate kingdoms
satisfies the Hungarians, but everybody else is still mad
slows down industrialization :0
does keep empire together…
Alexander II
The Czar of Russia
Inherits russia 1855
Attempt to modernize russia
fails and gets killed off
(man tried…)
Realism (cultural movement)
Focuses on ugly life (they though romanticism was escapist)
Art should serve a purpose
Art should show progress
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Depicting everyday life of normal people
\n
Showing the world as it really was
Charles Dickens
Pretty famous writer and social critic; wanted to help the poor
Fyodor Dostoevsky
Russian novelist
“Orthodox Christianity and of Utopian Socialism.”
Jean-Francois Millet
Realism painter
painted Gleaners (1857)
poor women
portray lowest of the low
Gustave Courbet
Realism painter (painted Bonjour, 1854)
painted normal people doing normal things
Funeral at Ornans (put normal people at epic scale like royals)
Positivism
Idea that absolutely any justifiable fact can be mathematically and rationally proven (against metaphysics or deism)
Charles Darwin
Person that first came up with evolution
we are actually related to animals and plants
church and other catholics freaked out and got pretty mad
Social Darwinism
Using Idea of Natural Selection to justify inequality and imperialism
Racists and capitalists took Darwin’s ideas and used them for racism and capitalism
The Cult of Domesticity
Value in upper and middle classes where women should remain in the household
The Crystal Palace
Setting of the first World's Fair in 1851
The Workers International
“international organization which aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing socialist, communist and anarchist political groups and trade union organizations”
The Social Democratic Party
“It is a left-wing political ideology that advocates for a peaceful democratic evolution from laissez-faire or crony capitalism towards social capitalism sometimes also referred to as a social market economy.”
Das Kapital
How to take down capitalism by learning capitalism
→ explaining capitalism
→ one of first economic histories
What effect did the Crimean war have on European diplomacy?
So the Concert of Europe is nonexistent now…congrats
“ decline of international agreements in favor of alliances.”
also, a handful of countries dislike each other now
How did the Crimean war affect Russian domestic policy?
Abolition of serfdom
tried to establish local governments
not much really worked, but it eventually led to the death of the czar
What strategies did Napoleon III employ to maintain social stability while also attempting to modernize French Society?
Essentially gaslight the French population by saying how good France was doing.
he basically fought any war he thought would be easy to win
while that stuff is going on, he makes a bunch of government reforms to keep the people distracted
→ bank, railroads, etc.
How did Cavour succeed in unifying Italy under the rule of Victor Emanuel II?
made an incredibly complex plan. that didn’t really work out because Napoleon III was a scared goober and called it quits. Italy was united on accident
How did Bismarck succeed in unifying Germany under the control of the Prussian king Wilhelm I?
through the danish war, austro-prussian war, and franco-prussian war, general of germany came up with a really complex plan THAT WORKED by pissing off Austria and France. by the end, all of germany was one
What strategies did Bismarck employ to ensure that control of the German Empire would remain in the hands of the traditional, conservative Prussian elite?
Appease everybody -
give a constitution to the liberals
make a welfare state for the socialists
etc.
but make sure that in the end, the conservatives still held the power
Compare/contrast the careers of Napoleon III, Cavour and Bismarck.
Napoleon III - fight anybody to gain popularity
Cavour - come up with incredibly complex plan and have fail successfully
Bismarck - come up with complex plan and have it work perfectly
How did parliamentary politics in reshape British society during the Victorian Era?
conservatives vs liberals
What strategies did the Habsburgs pursue in order to stabilize their heterogenous empire?
Use military force
Give the Hungarians power to avoid falling apart
Note
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