19th Century European History Study Guide Thing

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 13 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/103

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

ahhh

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

104 Terms

1
New cards
Zollverein
The German Customs Union, where the millions upon millions of german states are able to trade among each other with no tariffs or nothing
2
New cards
protective tariffs
tariffs that are placed on foreign imports to prevent severe competition; encourages growth within a community
3
New cards
capital
essentially any financial asset → trading, working, debt, etc.

\
example, bourgeoisie had capital to spend on stuff
4
New cards
domestic markets
SuPplY anD DemAnD
5
New cards
the business cycle
The overall fluctuation of GDP over time
6
New cards
Liberalism
Dominant Bourgeoisie ideology during 19th century

* The protection of individual liberty → to greatest happiness for the greatest number 
* “Negative liberty” → **freedom** __**from**__ **interference** 
* Positive liberty → the freedom to get to do things 
7
New cards
Conservatism
Dominant Traditional Ruling Elite Ideology (cause they don’t want to lose their job :o) → also like poor poor peasants

*  Things are fine right now, change is dangerous
8
New cards
Socialism
Fringe-radical idea at beginning of 19th century

* end of 19th century = dominant
* Popular among poor, urban workers

\
* Progress through rational social change
* Worth and rationality of all people
* Tabula rasa - people formed through their experiences
9
New cards
Nationalism
My country is good. I am part of my country. Go france :)
10
New cards
Romanticism
Dude, I just want to FEEEEEL
11
New cards
utopian socialism
Early form of socialism 

* Describe what the goal is like 
* Everybody has different ideas of what the world should look like 

\
What the ideal socialist life is like

→ for example, a place where you don’t have to do anything
12
New cards
marxism (a.k.a. scientific socialism)
__***Who owns the stuff?***__

\
History starts when a group of men claims stuff → create classes

* Class struggle

\
The state should have the stuff → Feudalism → capitalism → communism
13
New cards
David Ricardo
One of the economic theorists

* you cannot change the fact that poor are poor
14
New cards
John Stuart Mill
* Happiness to all
15
New cards
Edmund Burke
* Change sucks but i guess we need it
16
New cards
Charles Fourier
* Equality in phalanxes
17
New cards
Karl Marx
the guy who came up with marxism → the ideal goal is communism
18
New cards
Francisco de Goya
Enlightenment guy (Believed in French Revolution) 

* Hated absolute monarchy 
* Continued to collect checks from the royal family while making fun of them 

\
that one painting where the monarchs look derpy
19
New cards
Caspar David Friedrich
* Religious + spiritual contemplation of nature 
* Single-handedly made landscape paintings popular

\
man carried the landscape art
20
New cards
Eugene Delacroix
* Making fun of Jacque Louis David (Death of Socrates) 
* Reaction against neoclassical norms 
* No moral (looks dope tho)
21
New cards
reform socialism
* All you need is a real, democratic society 
* Poor people will vote rich people out of existence 
* Society where government controls capital and uses capital for the betterment of society 

\
“guys, please, let’s just vote it out like a civil society”
22
New cards
revolutionary socialism
* Democracy WILL NOT WORK
* Rich people control the media and systems and will use ideology to make sure that poor people cannot vote
* Only way is to violently rise up and kill the bourgeoisie

\
“RIOT RIOT RIOT RIOT RIOT RIOT”
23
New cards
Klemens von Metternich
At this point, an old guy who refused to make any changes, so was booted (Germany)
24
New cards
The Holy Alliance
Austria, Russia, and Prussia being buds. If revolution, then they will step in to stop revolution. except that one time austria completely ignored russia, but shhhhhh
25
New cards
The Concert of Europe
the agreement between countries to step in to stop revolutions and place the previous monarchs on the throne. became relatively irrelevant after this time period though
26
New cards
Mazzini
* young italy movement continues to spread nationalist ideas throughout italy → more revolution

\
27
New cards
What were the basic tenets of Liberalism, which  societal interests did they tend to represent?
Free Market :D

Constitutionalism :D (rights rights rights)

Democracy D: (only tax payers should vote)
28
New cards
What was the Liberal stance on addressing the poverty and inequality resulting from industrialization?
The poor people should not be able to vote. Just read them the bible since giving them food and crap will lead to them multiplying more.
29
New cards
What were the basic tenets of Conservatism, which societal interests did they tend to represent?
Minimize societal change

Tradition and social hierarchy :D
30
New cards
What was the difference between hardcore conservatives, like Metternich, and moderate conservatives, like Burke?
Diehard conservatives -

Everything should go back to the way it was

* Resist all change

\
Moderate conservatives -

* **Slow, gradual reform** building on traditions


* Little changes all the time instead of one giant explosion 
31
New cards
What were the primary concerns of socialism?
The growing inequality and injustice for poor, urban workers during the Industrial Revolution sparked the growth of socialism.
32
New cards
What was the main difference between utopian and scientific socialism?
For utopian socialism, the schemes were generally unworkable and all fantastical. Scientific laid an achievable base for the future (although still was not quite specific).
33
New cards
What are the essential ideas of nationalism?
Each nation should govern itself without the intervention of other nations. The overall feeling of being connected with other people of the same nation.
34
New cards
What are some different ways that the idea of the nation was formulated and how did the political implications of the formulations differ?
**Improved transport** made people realize that some people share similar backgrounds and values to them while others were different

\
**Better communication**

* the newspaper → newspapers have to have a language, which means that people were grouped by language

→ larger imagined community (outside of local)

\
**French Revolution**

Nationalism spread throughout the continent after Paris
35
New cards
What was the political impact of nationalism in Europe from 1830 - 1871?
Gave people a sense of identity and unity

* increased competition among nation-states
36
New cards
How can Romanticism be seen as a reaction against industrialization and the failure of the French Revolution?
New Values 

* Nature over civilization
* Emotion over reason
* Individual over society

escaping modern realities → against the rationalization that was popular during the industrial revolution
37
New cards
The Congress of Vienna
the diplomatic meeting between the powers of europe to decide how to maintain the balance of power
38
New cards
The Greek War of Independence
Greece is finally relevant. Greece revolted against Turkey, and eventually became independent from it.
39
New cards
Revolutions of 1830
Changes:

* Successful liberal resistance in Western Europe (France and England) 
* Failure to address working class concerns in west
* Failed Liberal-Nationalist uprisings in the Central Europe (Italy, Portugal) 
* Belgium and Greece emerge as independent nations 
40
New cards
Revolutions of 1848
**Theme: how do the governments balance stability and modernization?** 

* If you industrialize too fast, you risk overcrowding, shock, revolution 
* If you modernize too slow, you fall behind 

\
**The turning point that failed to turn**
41
New cards
Charles X
French monarch that showed up after Louis XVIII

\
**A goober**

* Rising food prices due to poor harvest
* Dissolution of Chamber → even more liberal returns in election
* Four Ordinances: new election laws favoring conservatives, censorship of press, redo of election
* July: spontaneous mass protests in Paris → Charles force to flee the country
42
New cards
Louis Philippe
New constitutional monarch…this time, Louis Philippe

* Slightly widen franchise (still less than 1% of population, property restrictions remain in place) 
* doesn’t really address any of the actual problems
43
New cards
Young Italy
* Northern Italian resentment of Habsburg rule
* Growing sense of Italian unity
* Growing liberalism among italians

→ several northern provinces declare independence from Austria

* Italian unification attempt
44
New cards
Rotten Boroughs
* New cities receive minimal representation
* Old boroughs receive inflated representation (rotton boroughs) 
45
New cards
The Reform Bill of 1832
Conservatives fear civil war → pass the reform bill of 1832

* Redrawn districts based on population 
* Small increase in franchise 1 in 5 adults males qualified 
* British politics now split between liberals and conservatives 
46
New cards
The Second Republic (France)
* Louis-Philippe flees France → Second Republic declared by bourgeois liberals who claim to speak for the revolution
* Provisional government formed: only one worker “Albert” in new government
47
New cards
Government workhouses
* Attempts to address workers concerns 


* Commission of workers
* Government workhouses 

→ workers from all around france goes into workhouses and goes bankrupt 
48
New cards
Albert the worker
The one regular guy in a group of bourgeoisie. Albert will surely save us
49
New cards
Chartism
* Political:
* Universal manhood suffrage, parliamentary salaries, secret ballot, annual elections
* People’s Charter: millions of signatures, no response for parliament
* Economic:
* Workers organizations (unions), strikes
* Limited success

\
* Gender:
* Some demand political rights for women
* Many support the EXCLUSION of women from political and economic activates  “bread winners”
50
New cards
The Frankfurt Assembly
(german philadelphia)

\
* Representatives elected by all German states including Austria and Prussia

\
Goals:

* Establish a liberal constitutional monarchy
* German unification
51
New cards
Lajos Kossuth
**Budapest** → demand Hungarian independence → _______ defeats Habsburg forces → crushed by Russian Army 

* Highly organized hungarian army 
* Defeat habsburg army
* Declare independent 
* Russia beats hungary → gives it back to austria 
52
New cards
Which ideological movements would have been most pleased with the Peace settlements reached in the Congress of Vienna? Why would the others have been displeased?
The Peace settlements reached in the Congress of Vienna were primarily conservative, as they were looking to destroy any uprisings in other countries, along with restoring previous monarchs to the throne. Ideologies such as liberalism and socialism may have been displeased since (especially liberalism) advocated for change in the government.
53
New cards
What changes helped to destabilize the diplomatic settlements reached during the Congress of Vienna?
* **Creation of French Empire** (1852) 
* **Crimean War** (1853-1856)
* Russia invaded Ottoman Empire
* **Italian Unification** (1860-1866)
* **German Unification** (1871) 
54
New cards
How did the members of Concert of Europe work together to maintain the status quo in the first half of the 19th century?
Strict adherence to conservatism; the countries attempted to crush rebellions across the European continent and not take any land
55
New cards
What factors lay behind the 1830 revolutions in France, Italy, Poland and Belgium?
Rise of romantic nationalists

* rise of liberals who wanted change in the government
* economic instability (as always)
56
New cards
Which ideologies were the driving forces behind the 1830 Revolutions in France, Italy, Poland and Belgium?
liberals were often revolting against conservative monarchs/governments
57
New cards
What were the outcomes of the 1830 revolutions in France, Italy, Poland and Belgium?
Belgium - independent

France - Successful liberal resistance

Poland - still split (nommed by russia)

Italy - Failed Liberal-Nationalist uprisings
58
New cards
What factors lay behind the 1848 revolutions in France, Germany, and Austria
France - general money bad (two failed harvests)

Germany - split up into many pieces, so intellectual bourgeoisie uprising

Austria - different states of Austria rebel due to nationalism
59
New cards
Which ideologies were the driving forces in these revolutions?
Socialism was the main ideology
60
New cards
What were the outcomes of these revolutions?
Austria → somehow managed to keep it together

* slow decline

France → elects Louis Napoleon

* turns out to be a conservative clown

Germany → ALMOST becomes constitutional

* then doesn’t
61
New cards
How was Britain able to avoid the sort of large scale revolutions that rocked the continent in 1830 and 1848?
* success of reform political measures
* non-violent Chartist movements
62
New cards
The Crimean War
Marks the end of the Concert of Europe (Russia invades the Ottomans → i forgot they existed ngl)
63
New cards
Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)
the french leader during the crimean war. He wants to be flashy and look good in front of france, so he’ll join just about any easy-to-win war
64
New cards
Plebiscite
“A direct vote in which the entire electorate is invited to accept or refuse a proposal.” according to google anyway
65
New cards
Baron Haussmann
“French official…chosen by Emperor Napoleon III to carry out a massive urban renewal program of new boulevards, parks and public works in Paris”

→ now those roads are exactly why France was screwed over by Germany later
66
New cards
*Realpolitik*
using any practical method to achieve political goals 

* Don’t worry about ideology
* Don’t worry about morality 
* JUST GET THE JOB DONE
67
New cards
Piedmont-Sardinia
the area of Italy that planned to unify northern italy
68
New cards
Camillo Cavour
prime minister of piedmont sardinia → actually did stuff like plan
69
New cards
Giuseppe Garibaldi
the general that overthrows Sicily and then willingly gives all of italy to Kingdom of Italy

\
what a great guy
70
New cards
Otto von Bismarck
Reactionary Prussian Aristocrat 

\n

Goal: Unify Germany while keeping the Prussia Aristocracy and Monarchy in charge 

(Realpolitik guy)
71
New cards
The Austro-Prussian War
Prussia provokes Austria by body-blocking them from their own territory. Austria declares war and Prussia demolishes them
72
New cards
The North German Confederation
After Prussia **wiped the floor** with Austria, the little tiny protestant states in Germany combine with Prussia
73
New cards
The Franco-Prussian War
Essentially, Bismarck annoys France until France declares war on Prussia
74
New cards
The German Empire
Where Prussia went around waging a bunch of wars (mainly by poking at Austria and France) to collect the German states like pokemon, then made one giant germany
75
New cards
The Reichstag
The German Parliament
76
New cards
Gladstone and Disraeli
The Liberal and Conservative leaders of Britain;

* Liberal guy was pretty boring (liked Laissere fair economics and thought that only smart rich dudes should be in charge)
* Conservative guy was clearly Victoria’s favorite (gasp, was Jewish)
77
New cards
Austria-Hungary (The Dual Monarchy)
The combination of Austria and Hungary, where there are basically two separate kingdoms

* satisfies the Hungarians, but everybody else is still mad
* slows down industrialization :0
* does keep empire together…
78
New cards
Alexander II
The Czar of Russia

* Inherits russia 1855
* Attempt to modernize russia 

fails and gets killed off

(man tried…)
79
New cards
Realism (cultural movement)
Focuses on ugly life (they though romanticism was escapist) 

* Art should serve a purpose 
* Art should show progress 

\n

Depicting everyday life of normal people 

\n

Showing the world as it really was
80
New cards
Charles Dickens
Pretty famous writer and social critic; wanted to help the poor
81
New cards
Fyodor Dostoevsky
Russian novelist

“Orthodox Christianity and of Utopian Socialism.”
82
New cards
Jean-Francois Millet
Realism painter

* painted *Gleaners* (1857)
* poor women
* portray lowest of the low
83
New cards
Gustave Courbet
Realism painter (painted Bonjour, 1854)

* painted normal people doing normal things
* *Funeral at Ornans* (put normal people at epic scale like royals)
84
New cards
Positivism
Idea that absolutely any justifiable fact can be mathematically and rationally proven (against metaphysics or deism)
85
New cards
Charles Darwin
Person that first came up with evolution

* we are actually related to animals and plants

\
church and other catholics freaked out and got pretty mad
86
New cards
Social Darwinism
**Using Idea of Natural Selection to justify inequality and imperialism** 

* Racists and capitalists took Darwin’s ideas and used them for racism and capitalism 
87
New cards
The Cult of Domesticity
Value in upper and middle classes where women should remain in the household
88
New cards
The Crystal Palace
Setting of the first World's Fair in 1851
89
New cards
The Workers International
“international organization which aimed at uniting a variety of different **left-wing socialist, communist and anarchist** political groups and trade union organizations”
90
New cards
The Social Democratic Party
“It is a left-wing political ideology that advocates for a peaceful democratic evolution from laissez-faire or crony capitalism towards social capitalism sometimes also referred to as a social market economy.”
91
New cards
*Das Kapital*
* How to take down capitalism by learning capitalism 

→ explaining capitalism

→ one of first economic histories
92
New cards
What effect did the Crimean war have on European diplomacy?
So the Concert of Europe is nonexistent now…congrats

“ decline of international agreements in favor of alliances.”

* also, a handful of countries dislike each other now
93
New cards
How did the Crimean war affect Russian domestic policy?
Abolition of serfdom

tried to establish local governments

not much really worked, but it eventually led to the death of the czar
94
New cards
What strategies did Napoleon III employ to maintain social stability while also attempting to modernize French Society?
Essentially gaslight the French population by saying how good France was doing.

* he basically fought any war he thought would be easy to win
* while that stuff is going on, he makes a bunch of government reforms to keep the people distracted

→ bank, railroads, etc.
95
New cards
How did Cavour succeed in unifying Italy under the rule of Victor Emanuel II?
made an incredibly complex plan. that didn’t really work out because Napoleon III was a scared goober and called it quits. Italy was united on accident
96
New cards
How did Bismarck succeed in unifying Germany under the control of the Prussian king Wilhelm I?
through the danish war, austro-prussian war, and franco-prussian war, general of germany came up with a really complex plan THAT WORKED by pissing off Austria and France. by the end, all of germany was one
97
New cards
What strategies did Bismarck employ to ensure that control of the German Empire would remain in the hands of the traditional, conservative Prussian elite?
Appease everybody -

* give a constitution to the liberals
* make a welfare state for the socialists
* etc.

\
but make sure that in the end, the conservatives still held the power
98
New cards
Compare/contrast the careers of Napoleon III, Cavour and Bismarck.
Napoleon III - fight anybody to gain popularity

Cavour - come up with incredibly complex plan and have fail successfully

Bismarck - come up with complex plan and have it work perfectly
99
New cards
How did parliamentary politics in reshape British society during the Victorian Era?
conservatives vs liberals
100
New cards
What strategies did the Habsburgs pursue in order to stabilize their heterogenous empire?
Use military force

Give the Hungarians power to avoid falling apart