p4

Comminuted fracture

Shattering of bone

vertebrosternal

true ribs

Scapula

shoulder blade

Humerus

Upper arm bone

Phalanges

Fingers and toes

Femur

Thigh bone

Fibula

Lower leg bone

Radius

Forearm bone

Carpals

Wrist bones

Tarsals

Ankle bones

Metatarsals

Foot bones

Sprain

Twisting action that tears ligament at a joint

myalgia

Muscle pain

Paralysis

Inability to control voluntary movement

Hypertrophy (muscular system)

Increase of muscle in diameter and strength

Atrophy

Decrease in muscle size and strength

Tonus

Partial muscle contraction

cryptorchidism

Testes fail to descend into the scrotal sac

Erectile dysfunction

Inability to initiate or maintain erection

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

BPH; enlargement of Prostate that is not cancerous

Hydrocele

Abnormal collection of fluid in testes

Androgen insensitivity

Genetic disorder where tissue do not respond to testosterone

Prostate cancer

Uncontrolled spread of prostate cell

Premenstrual syndrome

Physical and physiological symptoms related to menstrual cycle

Excitability

ability to respond to a stimulus

Anaphylaxis

Wide spread inflammation due to allergic reaction; causes widespread vasodilation

Cytokine

Proteins produced by damaged tissues and white blood cells

Antibody

Secreted by the plasma cells; protein that binds to antigen to deactivate it

Antigen

Located on cell surface; surface cell protein used by body for identification

Autoimmune disorder

Disease in which immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue

Innate immunity

Physical barrier; Non-specific method to fight against infection

Adaptive immunity

Specific response to pathogen that recognize specific pathogens

Lymph node

Bean shaped lymphatic filter

Leukemia

Cancer of white blood cells

Plasma cell

Primary immune response; produces antibodies

Memory B cells

Secondary immune response

Perforin

Cell-mediated immunity

Regulatory T cells

Turns off immune response

Natural active immunity

Accidentally exposed to pathogen such as chicken pox

Artificial passive immunity

Being injected with antibodies

Artificial active immunity

Vaccination such as flu shot

Natural passive immunity

Breast milk

Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor

treats rheumatoid arthritis

Memory cells

Remembers pathogens

Histamines

Secreted by mast cells

Interluekin-1

Secreted by macrophages

Lymph

Thin watery fluid composed of intercellular fluid; carries antigens to nodes around the body

Fungi

Pathogenic organism

Radiation

Inflammation-causing physical agent

Venoms

Inflammation-causing chemical agent

Interluekin-2

Secreted by helper T cells

Cancer

Abnormal cells spread into lymphatic system

Rheumatoid arthritis

Autoimmune attack on synovial membrane

HIV/AIDS

Destruction of helper T cells by virus

Allergies

Immune response to harmless antigen

Lupus erythematosis

Autoimmune destruction of many different tissues

Type 1 diabetes

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells

Asthma

Respiratory distress trigged by allergies

Leukocytes

All-encompassing term for White Blood Cells

Neutrophil

Phagocytize granulocytes; most common white blood cell

Interferon

Cytokine that protects neighboring cells from viral attack

Macrophage

Phagocytize modified monocytes; innate immunity

Basophils

Releases chemicals to promote inflammation

Eosinophil

Counteracts activity of basophils; active during parasitic infections

Natural killer cells

Innate lymphocytes that secrete chemicals to kill cells displaying antigens

Dendritic cell

Modified monocytes acting as antigen-presenting cells

Cytotoxic

Adaptive immunity T-lymphocyte

Plasma cells

Produce antibodies

Lymphatic capillary

small, open-ended lymph vessels

Right lymphatic duct

short tube that receives purified lymph from the right side of the head, neck, chest, and arm

Lingual tonsils

Masses of lymph tissue on the back of the tongue

Pharyngeal tonsils

commonly called adenoids

Cisterna chyli

Pouch-like structure at the start of the thoracic duct

Lacteal

special lymphatic capillary that picks up digested fats

Thymus

Atrophies after puberty

Spleen

Organ on left side dorsal to the stomach

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

Genetic disease in which large cysts develop on a kidney; Nephrons are replaced by cysts

diabetic nephropathy

kidney damage caused by diabetes mellitus

Glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney

Glomerulosclerosis

Scarring of the glomerulus; scarring of portions of the renal corpuscles

Analgesic nephropathy

Kidney damage caused by overuse or abuse of drugs

Lithotripsy

Shockwaves to break up a kidney stone

Renal failure

Decrease in kidney function

Ischemia

Tissue injury due to inadequate blood flow to kidney

Creatinine

waste product of muscle metabolism

Analgesic nephropathy

May be caused by overuse of ibuprofen

Diabetes Indipidus

Too little Antidiuretic hormone being produced and secreted

Diabetes mellitus

insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia

Water toxicity

dangerously low blood sodium

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

RBC debris may block vessels to kidney

Kidney stones

Can block kidney tubules

Anuria

absence of urine production

Pyuria

pus in the urine

Nocturia

urination at night

Retention

inability to empty the bladder

Incontinence

inability to control urination

Proteinuria

protein in the urine

Albuminuria

albumin in the urine

urinary tract infection (UTI)

Movement of fecal matter into urethra and bladder

Rugae

Permit expansion of urinary bladder