Studied by 62 people
Sensation
The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
Perception
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
Bottom-Up Processing
Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information.
Top-Down Processing
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.
Selective Attention
The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
Inattentional Blindness
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
Change Blindness
Failing to notice changes in the environment.
Transduction
Conversion of one form of energy into another. The transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.
Absolute Threshold
The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus, 50 percent of the time.
Signal Detection Theory
A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation.
Subliminal
Below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
Difference Threshold
The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection, 50 percent of the time.
Weber’s Law
The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).
Sensory Adaptation
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
Perceptual Set
A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.
ESP
The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.
Parapsychology
The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis.
Wavelength
The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.
Hue
The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light.
Intensity
The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude.
Pupil
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.
Iris
A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.
Lens
The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.
Retina
The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.
Accommodation
The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
Rods
Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond.
Cones
Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions; detects fine detail and color sensations.
Optic Nerve
The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
Blind Spot
The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, no receptor cells are located there.
Fovea
The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster.
Note 
Flashcard (40)