1st Year - Ethics, Midterms

Differentiation vs. Integration

Differentiation vs. Integration

The conflict between the distribution of jobs and the organization of numerous activities generates a classic dilemma

Lack of Clarity vs. Lack of Creativity

employees are not clear about what they are expected to do, they often adapt their tasks to personal interests instead of system-wide goals that often lead to problems.

1. Right to choose based on reason, not desire.

2. Abide by the rules they follow.

3. Individuals are independent of others' choices

4. Equality is the first and foremost; freedom is the only inherent power.

5. Autonomous right of the people to be happy

Kant's philosophy on freedom

hypothetical imperative

one that we must fulfill if we are to satisfy our desires or command conditionally on your having a relevant desire

Teleological Theories

goals & ends/consequences

Ethical Egoism

self-interest

Utilitarianism

society's interest (public good)

Deontological Ethics

system of decision-making that focuses on the moral principles of duty and rules, not goals!!

Feminist (Care) Ethics

focus on relations and how they shape moral reasoning

emphasize practical/experimental dimension of our lives

Instinctive Behavior

hard-wired, inborn

morality

is in accordance with the categorical imperative

"Actions for the sake of duty:"

has moral worth

Principle of universality

first formulation

"act on that maxim whereby you can, at the same time will that should become a universal law"

Lifeblood of the government

taxation

culture

the characteristics and awareness of a specific community of people,v

1. culture is social and communal

2. defines normative principles and behavior of society

3. has restrictions, boundaries and limitations

4. helps generate character

5. identifies the authorities

THE INFLUENCES OF CULTURE IN MORAL DEVELOPMENT

folkways

everyday habits, customs, traditions

ideas

non materialist aspects of culture

material

culture tangible objects

intelligence

capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activity

1987 Philippine Constitution Article 2 Section 11

provides, "The state recognizes the dignity of every human person and guaranteed full respect for human right."

Filipino cultural morality

centers on ideally having a "smooth interpersonal relationship (SIR) with others

Moral character

refers to the existence or lack of virtues such as integrity, courage, fortitude, honesty, and loyalty.

ēthē

etymologically linked to "ethics" and "morality"

Moral character traits

those dispositions of character for which it is appropriate to hold agents morally responsible.

Intention and Responsibility

Two important aspects of the revelatory nature of action

these are rooted in the will

Level 1: Preconventional level

At this level, morality is externally controlled.

Stage 1: Punishment/obedience orientation

Behaviour is determined by consequences.

obey in order to avoid punishment.

Stage 2: Instrumental purpose orientation

Behaviour is determined again by consequences.

focuses on receiving rewards or satisfying personal needs

Level 2: Conventional level

conformity to social rules remains important to the individual

Stage 4: Law and order orientation

Social rules and laws determine behaviour. The individual now takes into consideration a larger perspective, that of societal laws.

Level 3: Postconventional or principled level

individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society.

Stage 5: Social contract orientation

Individual rights determine behaviour. The individual views laws and rules as flexible tools for improving human purposes

Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation

highest stage of functioning.

appropriate action is determined by one's self-chosen ethical principles of conscience.

Ethical Subjectivism

theory basically utter runs contrary to the principle that there is objectivity in morality

Simple Subjectivism

the view that ethical statements reflect sentiments, personal preferences and feelings rather than objective facts.

Individualist Subjectivism

the view that there are as many distinctscales of good and evil asthere are individualsin the world

emotivism

refers to a theory about moral judgments, sentences, words, and speech acts

subjectivism

implies the moral statements are less significant than most people think they are

reason

in philosophy, is the faculty or process of drawing logical syllogism

reasoning

process of drawing out conclusion from the previous knowledge

Knowledge

something that one acquires as he studies, gets matured and professional.

moral theory

explains why a certain action is wrong -- or why we ought to act in certain ways.

Moral Subjectivism

where right or wrong are determined by what you -- the subject -- just happens to think (or 'feel') is right or wrong

Ethical Egoism

Right and wrong is determined by what isin yourself-interest. Or, it is immoral to act contrary to your self-interest

Kantian Theory

Right and wrong are determined by rationality, giving universal duties.

Contractarianism

The principles of right and wrong (or Justice) are those which everyone in society would agree upon in forming a social contract.

ethos

Greek word that may mean tradition, habit, character, or attitude.

meta-ethics

a discipline that relies on meaning.

a science that is seeking to address non-moral questions about morality.

Values

the basis of the capacity of an individual to distinguish between right and wrong

Gap vs Overlap

When the main tasks are not explicitly defined, the critical job will slip through gaps.

functions and activities can overlap, causing conflict, wasting time, and unintended duplication of responsibilities.

Excessive Autonomy vs. Excessive Interdependence

When individuals or groups are too independent, they are always isolated.

if the units and responsibilities are too closely connected, people are absentminded from work and waste time or excessive coordination.

freedom

according to kant, is the right to control one's actions based on reason, not desire

Perfect Duty

always true

o tell the truth, so we must never lie

more important that imperfect duty

Imperfect duty

requires flexibility

Beneficence

is an imperfect duty because we are not obligated to be absolutely helpful at all times, but should choose the times and places in which we are.

Act

has moral worth, it is done for the sake of duty

"Actions that accord with duty"

have no moral worth, not necessarily immoral

Universalizable

means it is morally right

cuture

at the root of human alienation from the environment.

culture

a concept that refers to a broad and diverse collection of often intangible areas of social life.

Cultural relativism

means that we do not judge a society by our own criteria of what is right or wrong, odd or natural.

positive mores or duty

"thou shall behavior"

negative mores

"thou shall not behavior" (immoral, taboo, societal prohibitions)

respect

a formal expression or gesture of greeting, esteem, or friendship:

Nature

the material world, especially as surrounding humankind and existing independently of human activities

dignity

the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect.

Values

those aspects in life that include customs, traditions, etc., which the people regard as necessary and important in their dealings with one another

Utang na loob

very important to Filipinos

recognizing and returning the favor to that person in the same measure who help them in times of need

goodness of character

a product of the practice of virtuous behavior

Dispositions

particular kinds of properties or characteristics that objects can possess.

Lawrence Kohlberg

known for his theory of stages of moral development

Reason

the ability of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments y a process of logic.

Impartiality

in morality requires that we give equal and/or adequate consideration to the interests of all concerned parties.

• Moral Relativism (or Ethical Relativism)

the view that for a thing to be morally right is for it to be approved of by society, leading to the conclusion that different things are right for people in different societies and different periods in history

Virtue Ethics

Right and wrong are characterized in terms of acting in accordance with the traditional virtues -- making a good person

Feminists Ethics

Right and wrong are to be found in women's responses to the relationship of caring.

Utilitarianism

Right and wrong is determined by the overall goodness (utility) of the consequences of the action.

Ethics

can be provisionally described as the empirical study of moral decisions.

normative ethics

concerns human behavior in general, is to address our questions about the essence of human behavior

examine whether or not a particular act should or should not be carried out.

how humans respond to a moral question

moral philosophy

deals with moral ideas such as what human beings "must do or how human beings should be."

deals with our moral obligation, the meaning of the act, or the purpose of the act.

applied ethics

a philosophy that discusses strong and basic moral issues linked to abortion.

moral standards

refer to the guidelines we have on the types of acts that we find to be morally permissible and morally unacceptable.

primarily deals with issues that can either potentially threaten or greatly benefit human beings.

norms and values; universal

non-moral standards

apply to laws which are not related to social or legal considerations.

etiquette

a decorum, propriety means reverence for the formal criteria governing conduct in a civilized society.

The Professional Code of Ethics

a set of guidelines intended to help practitioners differentiate between right and wrong to guide their decision-making.

statute

a written law passed by a legislative body

Morals

shaped by the beliefs of an individual

moral dilemma

a situation in which a decision-maker must give preference to one moral principle over another (Kvalnes,2019)

self-inflicted dilemma

may arise as a result of a prior personal mistake.

Dilemmas

occur when, confronted with a challenging situation, two or more of that kind of values disagree with the understanding of the decision-maker, or when one assesses the moral option of another.

moral dilemma

is a situation in which people assume that they should morally do one thing and that they should morally do another thing (Kurie & Albin,2007)

Moral dilemma / ethical dilemma

is a situation whereby a person has to make a decision. Among competing alternatives, which is the right (ethical) alternative and which is the best? (Figar & Dordevic, 2016)

ORGANIZATIONAL ETHICAL OR MORAL DILEMMA

refers to a situation that causes an organization to respond negatively or positively to an ethical issue that affects staff, shareholders, and society, as well as corporate ethics and customers.

INDIVIDUAL MORAL DILEMMA

a pertains to a situation where individuals confront with a number of factors such as peer pressure, personal financial position, an economic and social status which may influence all individual ethical standards.

STRUCTURAL MORAL DILEMMA

selecting a proper system of responsibilities and relationships, which is a continuing universal challenge.

Good will

is unique as it is always good and retains its moral values even though it fails to achieve its moral intentions.

Means good without any qualifications

it also facilitates human acts

will of obligation

acts out of obligation can be described as a will which overcomes barriers to the preservation of moral law

dutiful will

a special case of good will which is evident under unfavorable conditions.

Duty

should be the motive of any moral act

emerge because failure to perform them will either result in a contradiction of conception or a contradiction of will.