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Amygdala
part of the limbic system that borders the midline of the brain, is involved with emotional evaluation of sensory stimuli, and emotional evaluation of memory
Aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)
association areas
areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
brainstem
the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; responsible for automatic survival functions
Broca's area
region of the brain that contains neurons involved in speech function
cerebellum
the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance
cerebral cortex
what makes us uniquely human, makes us anxious about the future and sad about the past, which other animals can’t experience. the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary scientific investigation of the mind and intelligence
consciousness
individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations, and environments
corpus callosum
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
CT scan
combines a series of X-ray images made using a form of tomography in which a computer controls the motion of the X-ray source and detectors, processes the data, and produces the image.
Dual Processing
when we’re making decisions, we use two different systems of thinking. System 1 is our intuition or gut
electroencephalogram (EEG)
an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface
fMRI
a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. MRI scans show brain anatomy; fMRI scans show brain function.
frontal lobes
located behind the forehead, at the front of the brain, main functions are typically associated with ‘higher’ cognitive functions, including decision and morality.
glial cells
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.
hypothalamus
helps manage your body temperature, hunger and thirst, mood, sex drive, blood pressure and sleep, a structure deep within your brain
lesion tissue destruction
change such as an infection, tumor, or injury that causes the death of a tissue or organ
limbic system
neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives
medulla
part of the brain stem that connects the spinal cord and the brain, regulates breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure
motor cortex
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
MRI
a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues of your body.
Neurogenesis
formation of new neurons
occipital lobes
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field
parietal lobe
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position
PET scan
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
plasticity
the brain’s ability to adapt, the brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development
reticular formation
a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal (alertness)
sensory cortex
the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
split brain
a condition where the corpus callosum (the bridge that connects the two hemispheres of the brain) is severed
temporal lobes
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear
thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
Wernicke's area
controls language reception