Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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44 Terms

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Anatomy
\-describes the structures of the body

\-what they are made of/where they are located
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Physiology
\-study of body functions

\-functions of anatomical structures/individual and cooperative functions
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Gross anatomy
\-examines large, visible structures

(ex: exterior features)
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Microscopic anatomy
\-examines cells and molecules
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cytology
\-study of cells
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histology
\-study of tissues
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cell physiology
\-function of cells
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organ physiology
\-functions of specific organs
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systemic physiology
\-function of organ systems
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pathological physiology
\-effects of diseases on organs or systems
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Why is it difficult to separate anatomy and physiology?
\-function based on structure

\-Principle of complementarity: Nothing can be studied in isolation
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atoms
\-chemical level organization

\-the smallest stable units of matter
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molecules
\-chemical level organization

\-consist of groups of atoms
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cells
\-cellular level organization

\-smallest living units in the body
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tissue
\-tissue level organization

\-a group of cells working together
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organ system
\-organ system level

\-a group of interacting organs
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how many organ systems do humans have?
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organism
\-an individual life form
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levels of organizations
\-chemical level

\-cellular level

\-tissue level

\-organ level

\-organ system level

\-organism level
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medical terminology
\-terms relating to the body in health and diseases

\-combine word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining words

\-gives efficient communication
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surface anatomy
\-locating structures on or near the body
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standard anatomical position
hands at sides, palms forward
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who uses abdominopelvic quadrants?
medical personnel
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who uses abdominopelvic regions?
anatomists
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R/L hypochondriac region
under rib cartilage
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R/L lumbar
anterior to lower back
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umbilical region
centered around navel
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epigastric region
above stomach
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R/L iliac (inguinal) region
near hip bones
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hypogastric region
below stomach
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sectional anatomy use
\-section is a slice through a 3D object

\-used to visualize internal organization

\-important in radiological techniques
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body cavities (function)
\-protects organs from shocks and impacts

\-gives structure

\-permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs
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serous membrane
\-lines body cavities and covers organs
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parietal serosa
\-lines cavity/body wall
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visceral serosa
\-covers organs
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mediastinum
\-contains major blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
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homeostasis
\-the maintenance of an organism’s steady state in face of environmental fluctuations

\-dynamic equilibrium
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autoregulation
\-automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to an environmental change
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extrinsic regulation
\-responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
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receptor
\-receives the stimulus
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control center
\-processes the signal and sends instructions
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effector
\-carries out instructions
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negative feedback
\-the response of the effector negates the stimulus
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positive feedback
\-initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions

\-dangerous process