Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy

Anatomy

-describes the structures of the body

-what they are made of/where they are located

Physiology

-study of body functions

-functions of anatomical structures/individual and cooperative functions

Gross anatomy

-examines large, visible structures

(ex: exterior features)

Microscopic anatomy

-examines cells and molecules

cytology

-study of cells

histology

-study of tissues

cell physiology

-function of cells

organ physiology

-functions of specific organs

systemic physiology

-function of organ systems

pathological physiology

-effects of diseases on organs or systems

Why is it difficult to separate anatomy and physiology?

-function based on structure

-Principle of complementarity: Nothing can be studied in isolation

atoms

-chemical level organization

-the smallest stable units of matter

molecules

-chemical level organization

-consist of groups of atoms

cells

-cellular level organization

-smallest living units in the body

tissue

-tissue level organization

-a group of cells working together

organ system

-organ system level

-a group of interacting organs

how many organ systems do humans have?

11

organism

-an individual life form

levels of organizations

-chemical level

-cellular level

-tissue level

-organ level

-organ system level

-organism level

medical terminology

-terms relating to the body in health and diseases

-combine word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining words

-gives efficient communication

surface anatomy

-locating structures on or near the body

standard anatomical position

hands at sides, palms forward

who uses abdominopelvic quadrants?

medical personnel

who uses abdominopelvic regions?

anatomists

R/L hypochondriac region

under rib cartilage

R/L lumbar

anterior to lower back

umbilical region

centered around navel

epigastric region

above stomach

R/L iliac (inguinal) region

near hip bones

hypogastric region

below stomach

sectional anatomy use

-section is a slice through a 3D object

-used to visualize internal organization

-important in radiological techniques

body cavities (function)

-protects organs from shocks and impacts

-gives structure

-permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs

serous membrane

-lines body cavities and covers organs

parietal serosa

-lines cavity/body wall

visceral serosa

-covers organs

mediastinum

-contains major blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus

homeostasis

-the maintenance of an organism’s steady state in face of environmental fluctuations

-dynamic equilibrium

autoregulation

-automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to an environmental change

extrinsic regulation

-responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

receptor

-receives the stimulus

control center

-processes the signal and sends instructions

effector

-carries out instructions

negative feedback

-the response of the effector negates the stimulus

positive feedback

-initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions

-dangerous process