East Asia, Islam, and the Americas

These flashcards cover key concepts from the Song Dynasty to the Russian Emprire.

Song/Sung

The __ Dynasty (960-1279) was ‘The Golden Age’ of art, literature, and architecture in Chinese history.

Four Great Inventions

The Song Dynasty marks the beginning of early modern world history largely because of the ‘__’.

Emperor, Mandate of Heaven

Throughout the Chinese Dynasty, the belief was the governed under the .

coal

Marco Polo visited Song China in 1275 and discovered they were using __ for fuel instead of charcoal, again well before the Europeans.

Kublai Khan

Genghis Khan’s grandson, __, took over China and thus created the Yuan/Mongol Dynasty (1279-1368).

samurai

The bushido code to __ in Japan was like chivalry to knights in Western Europe

The Analects

Confucius (Kong Fuzi) wrote __, which includes the Four Tenets.

Taoism

Lao Tzu (Laozi) the founder of __wrote the Tao Te Ching, which focuses on nature and simplicity.

The Quran (Koran)

Muhammad’s revelations are in __.

Sunnis, Shia/Shiites

still believe Abu Bakr was the rightful heir, whereas do not.

Baghdad

Harun al-Rashid was a great caliph in that he donated to the artists, writers, and the poor, and made __ a metropolis of banking and credit.

Saladin, Mamluks

the 12th century sultan of the Ayyubid Dynasty in Egypt, enslaved Seljuk Turks for his army, and they were called .

Al-Andalus

The prosperous part of Islamic Spain was known as __.

Silk Road

The Han Chinese opened the __ in the 2nd century for Eur-Asian trade.

Gupta

The __ Dynasty created numbers (later known as Arab numerals), pi, and chess.

Ibn Battuta

Famed Muslim Moroccan explorer __ visited Delhi in 1334.

Srivijaya, Majapahit

The Buddhist Empire (670-1025 C.E., Sumatra, Indonesia today) and the Hindu and Buddhist Empire (1293-1520, Java, Indonesia) prospered because they controlled the river and sea routes and charged fees for ships traveling between India and China.

Cahokia, Anasazi, Mayans

Around 1000 C.E., there were three massive and impressive civilizations in North America: the __, the __, and the __.

Atahualpa

Francisco Pizarro and the Spanish conquistadors captured and killed Emperor __ in 1533.

disease, smallpox

The most devastating aspect of the Columbian Exchange (1492 on) was the Spanish provocation of war and slavery and the spread of __, especially __, that decimated Native American populations.

sweet, South America

For the Pacific Islanders, the staple food was potatoes, which originated in .

Ibn Khaldun

__ was a 14th century Muslim Tunisian scholar known for his early work in Social Science.

Bananas

__ came to Madagascar and then mainland Africa thanks to the Southeast Asian merchants around 500 C.E. and then fueled population growth in Africa.

Indian

In South Africa, the people of Zimbabwe traded across the __ Ocean.

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam; Judaism

are the three Abrahamic religions, but is the oldest, dating back 3500 years in Israel.

Roman Empire, Renaissance

The Medieval Times/Middle Ages began with the fall of the in the 5th century, and they end with the .

Eastern Orthodox/Byzantine Empire

In the Great Schism of 1054, the Christian Church split into the Roman Catholic based in Rome and __ in Constantinople.

Magna Carta

With the 1215 __, the English first limited the monarch’s power.

Humanism

After one-third of Europe died from the Plague, people decided to make the most of life on Earth and not just work toward the afterlife. They revived the Greek and Roman classics in art, literature, philosophy, and appreciation of the human form, mind, and potential. This is __.

Johannes Gutenberg’s

Around 1440, German __ printing press contributed to rising literacy rates and access to information.

Borgias, Sforzas, Gonzagas

Like the Medici in Florence, the in Rome, in Milan, and __ in Mantua positioned themselves to dominate Italian government and the Catholic Church.

Silk Road

Asia and Europe were connected through the __ since the Han and Roman trade network in the 3rd century.

Genghis/Chinggis Khan

Temujin became known as __ (1162-1227) for his talent and ruthlessness as a general and a political leader of nomadic farmers and warriors (archers) known as Mongols.

Rabban Bar Sauma

__ was a Uigher Chinese Christian (Nestorian) missionary that served as a Mongol ambassador to Europe and later worked to convert people in Baghdad.

Zheng He

Ming Chinese Explorer __ (1371- 1435), who was born into a Muslim family, traveled twice as far as Marco Polo throughout Asia, Africa, and perhaps to the California Coast.

Bartolomeu Dias

In 1488, __ became the first explorer to sail around the tip of Africa to India.

gold, ivory, hides, slaves

Africans traded __, __, __, and __ for Arab and Berber salt, cloth, paper, and horses.

Mansa Musa

His grandnephew, __ (1280-1337), continued to strengthen Mali, politically, economically, and intellectually, and he converted to Islam and made the pilgrimage/hajj to Mecca.

Timur, Timurid

had an underdeveloped leg as a result of an injury in his childhood, but he still became a great Mongol-Turkic warrior and leader of the Empire.

Mahayana, Theravada

Trade made Buddhism, with a deity and material wealth, more popular than the stricter Buddhism, and then Zen Buddhism developed in Japan.

champa rice, sugar, bananas, citrus fruits

Merchants brought from Vietnam to China, from India to The Caribbean and Brazil, from Indonesia to Madagascar, and from Southeast Asia to Spain.

Ming, Yuan, Great Wall

The Chinese took power back from the foreign /Mongols in 1388, and they restored the __ for protection.

Emperor, Meiji Restoration

In Japan, Shoguns (generals), rather than the (the monarch), reigned from the 12th through the 19th century, until the 1868 .

Safavid

In modern Iraq and Iran, the __ Dynasty had a rapid rise and fall in the 16th and 17th century.

Mehmed II, Constantinople

Sultan ‘The Conqueror’ captured the old Byzantine/Eastern Orthodox capital in 1453.

Mughal

The __ Empire, more Turkic than Mongol, replaced the Delhi Sultanate as dominant in India in 1526.

politique

A __ by contrast is a leader that puts politics ahead of religion (like Elizabeth I).

Elizabeth, James

When I died without an heir and ended the Tudor line in 1603, I, a Protestant (Presbyterian) cousin from Scotland, became the first Stuart king.

Restoration

The 1660 __ of the monarchy in England with King Charles II was initially joyous but ultimately frustrating.

Philip II

Spain’s King __ (1527-1598), the son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, was “the most Catholic of kings” during ‘The Golden Age’ .

Martin Luther, 95 Theses

In 1517, German monk posted his grievances, including his opposition to the sale of indulgences, in the form of the on the doors of the Wittenberg Church.

Luther

__ spoke of “salvation by faith alone” and the Bible as the ultimate authority.

Inquisition, Index of Forbidden Books, Council of Trent

Pope Paul IV supported the __, created the __, and organized the __ in the 1550s, which was merely a reaffirmation of Church doctrine and not a legitimate effort to reform.

Peace of Westphalia, Holy Roman Empire

When the two sides finally signed the 1648 __, there was no winner, millions had died of starvation through the conflict, and the __ broke up.

Scientific Revolution, Nicholas Copernicus’, Heliocentric Theory, Isaac Newton’s

Historians generally say the started in Europe with the posthumous publication of Polish scientist On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres (1543) about the and ended with the publication of Principia (1687) about the laws of motion/gravity.

Alexander VI, Treaty of Tordesillas

To prevent conflict on the Iberian Peninsula, Pope wrote the 1494 , which divided the Americas vertically.

mercantilism

The Portuguese, Spanish, French, English, and Dutch took an early lead in exploration and imperialism, and their subjugation and exploitation of colonial economies, taking resources and labor for the benefit of the mother country, is known as __.

Spanish, Portuguese

The and missionaries converted and therefore controlled more people.

Portuguese

The __called enslaved people harvesting sugarcane ‘engenhos’ (engines).

Dutch, fluyt

The trading (not warring) ship known as the was exclusively for business, so it had larger cargo holds, fewer crew, less cost to construct and more profit in voyages.

Dutch East India Company (VOC), Asian

The had a monopoly on trade throughout the 18th century.

Dahomey

The __Empire (now Benin) had one of the fiercest responses to colonization by the French with an army of women warriors (nicknamed The Dahomey Amazons).

Queen Ndzinga of Ndongo (now Angola) (1583-1663)

__ was not supposed to be the heir to the throne, but she showed more intelligence, military prowess, and leadership than her brothers. So, she reigned after the death of her father.

Peter I

Czar/Tsar __ the Great (1672-1725) abolished the boyar government and established a senate