Tri one ApEuro final

Ptolemaic Universe

A geocentric model of the universe where Earth is at the center.

Geocentric Universe

The belief that Earth is the center of the universe (supported by Aristotle and Ptolemy).

Heliocentric Universe

The theory that the Sun is the center of the universe (proposed by Copernicus).

Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion

Planets move in elliptical orbits, closer planets move faster, and planets move at varying speeds.

The Inquisition

A Catholic Church court used to punish heresy and control religious ideas.

Descartes’ Deductive Method

A way of reasoning that starts with general principles and moves toward specific conclusions.

Scientific Method

A system of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and conclusion combining Bacon and Descartes’ ideas.

Francis Bacon’s Inductive Method

A method that builds general conclusions from specific observations and experiments.

English Royal Society

A private scientific organization that promoted research and experiments.

French Royal Academy of Sciences

A government-supported scientific organization in France.

Deism

The belief that God created the universe but does not interfere with it.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Proposed the heliocentric theory.

Tycho Brahe

Recorded detailed astronomical data that helped Kepler.

Johannes Kepler

Created the three laws of planetary motion.

Galileo Galilei

Improved the telescope; supported heliocentrism; studied motion and gravity.

Isaac Newton

Created the laws of motion and universal gravitation; co-invented calculus.

Galen

Ancient doctor who believed in the four humors.

Paracelsus

Rejected humors and used chemicals to treat disease.

Andreas Vesalius

Studied human anatomy through dissection.

William Harvey

Discovered the circulation of blood.

Margaret Cavendish

Early female scientific writer who criticized traditional science.

Maria Winkelmann

Female astronomer who helped discover a comet.

René Descartes

Developed deductive reasoning and mind–body dualism.

Francis Bacon

Advanced inductive reasoning and experimental science.

Baruch Spinoza

Believed God and nature were the same.

Blaise Pascal

Mathematician known for Pascal’s Wager and probability.

Robert Boyle

Founder of modern chemistry; created Boyle’s Law about gases.

Desiderius Erasmus

Christian humanist who criticized Church corruption but stayed Catholic.

Thomas More

Wrote Utopia; executed for opposing Henry VIII.

Johann Tetzel

Sold indulgences, which angered Martin Luther.

Martin Luther

Started the Protestant Reformation with the 95 Theses.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor who fought against Protestantism.

Anabaptists

Radical Protestants who believed in adult baptism.

Anglicans

Members of the Church of England created by Henry VIII.

Henry VIII

Broke from the Catholic Church to start the Church of England.

Edward VI

Protestant king who pushed England toward Protestantism.

Mary I (“Bloody Mary”)

Catholic queen who persecuted Protestants.

Elizabeth I

Protestant queen who stabilized the Church of England.

John Calvin

Created Calvinism and taught predestination.

St. Teresa of Ávila

Catholic reformer focused on spiritual renewal.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits.

Jesuits

Catholic religious order that defended the Church.

Philip II of Spain

Strong Catholic king who fought Protestantism.

95 Theses

Luther’s list of complaints against the Church (1517).

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ.

Consubstantiation

Lutheran belief that Christ is present alongside the bread and wine.

Book of Common Prayer

English religious book used in the Anglican Church.

Predestination

Belief that God already knows who will be saved.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Allowed German princes to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism.

Edict of Nantes

Granted religious tolerance to French Protestants.

Ptolemaic Universe

A geocentric model of the universe where Earth is at the center.

Geocentric Universe

The belief that Earth is the center of the universe (supported by Aristotle and Ptolemy).

Heliocentric Universe

The theory that the Sun is the center of the universe (proposed by Copernicus).

Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion

Planets move in elliptical orbits, closer planets move faster, and planets move at varying speeds.

The Inquisition

A Catholic Church court used to punish heresy and control religious ideas.

Descartes’ Deductive Method

A way of reasoning that starts with general principles and moves toward specific conclusions.

Scientific Method

A system of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and conclusion combining Bacon and Descartes’ ideas.

Francis Bacon’s Inductive Method

A method that builds general conclusions from specific observations and experiments.

English Royal Society

A private scientific organization that promoted research and experiments.

French Royal Academy of Sciences

A government-supported scientific organization in France.

Deism

The belief that God created the universe but does not interfere with it.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Proposed the heliocentric theory.

Tycho Brahe

Recorded detailed astronomical data that helped Kepler.

Johannes Kepler

Created the three laws of planetary motion.

Galileo Galilei

Improved the telescope; supported heliocentrism; studied motion and gravity.

Isaac Newton

Created the laws of motion and universal gravitation; co-invented calculus.

Galen

Ancient doctor who believed in the four humors.

Paracelsus

Rejected humors and used chemicals to treat disease.

Andreas Vesalius

Studied human anatomy through dissection.

William Harvey

Discovered the circulation of blood.

Margaret Cavendish

Early female scientific writer who criticized traditional science.

Maria Winkelmann

Female astronomer who helped discover a comet.

René Descartes

Developed deductive reasoning and mind–body dualism.

Francis Bacon

Advanced inductive reasoning and experimental science.

Baruch Spinoza

Believed God and nature were the same.

Blaise Pascal

Mathematician known for Pascal’s Wager and probability.

Robert Boyle

Founder of modern chemistry; created Boyle’s Law about gases.

Desiderius Erasmus

Christian humanist who criticized Church corruption but stayed Catholic.

Thomas More

Wrote Utopia; executed for opposing Henry VIII.

Johann Tetzel

Sold indulgences, which angered Martin Luther.

Martin Luther

Started the Protestant Reformation with the 95 Theses.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor who fought against Protestantism.

Anabaptists

Radical Protestants who believed in adult baptism.

Anglicans

Members of the Church of England created by Henry VIII.

Henry VIII

Broke from the Catholic Church to start the Church of England.

Edward VI

Protestant king who pushed England toward Protestantism.

Mary I (“Bloody Mary”)

Catholic queen who persecuted Protestants.

Elizabeth I

Protestant queen who stabilized the Church of England.

John Calvin

Created Calvinism and taught predestination.

St. Teresa of Ávila

Catholic reformer focused on spiritual renewal.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits.

Jesuits

Catholic religious order that defended the Church.

Philip II of Spain

Strong Catholic king who fought Protestantism.

95 Theses

Luther’s list of complaints against the Church (1517).

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ.

Consubstantiation

Lutheran belief that Christ is present alongside the bread and wine.

Book of Common Prayer

English religious book used in the Anglican Church.

Predestination

Belief that God already knows who will be saved.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Allowed German princes to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism.

Edict of Nantes

Granted religious tolerance to French Protestants.