The process by which 1n gametes become the 2n zygote
fertilization
The cell which undergoes meiosis to generate spores
spore mother cell
The process by which Gametophytes generate the gametes
mitosis
The cell that develops into the embryo
zygote
Gametophyte
haploid
Spore mother cell
diploid
Spore
haploid
Sperm
haploid
Embryo
diploid
Zygote
diploid
Sporophyte
diploid
Egg
haploid
What is the function of the cuticle in plants?
protects against desiccation
A haploid reproductive cell capable of developing in an adult without fusion with another cell. usually unicellular.
spore
a multicellular male gametophyte found in angiosperms and gymnosperms.
pollen
In bryophytes, the __________ generation is dominant.
gametophytes
in ferns and seed plants the ________ generation is dominant.
sporophytes
When a bee lands on a flower, it collects pollen on its body. Pollen, the male reproductive structure, contains the male gamete, also called ____________.
sperm
The bee will then fly from one flower to another, bringing the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure. This process is called _____________.
pollination
It is not until the sperm travels down the female part of the plant and unites with the egg, a process called ____, that the _ is formed and a new plant generation can begin.
fertilization, zygote
The apical meristem is responsible for __________ growth which is growth in length.
primary
The lateral meristem is responsible for __________ growth and woody stems have 2 lateral meristems.
secondary
one lateral meristem is the Vascular cambium which produces secondary ___________ and secondary ___________ . Secondary xylem is the main component of wood.
xylem, phloem
consist of undifferentiated cells
meristems
they divide to give rise to differentiating daughter cells
meristems
they allow for plant growth
meristems
true or false: trees and shrubs have lateral meristems but do not have apical meristems.
false
The vascular cambium is found __________.
in between the xylem and phloem
In which of the following biomes would you be least likely to find annual growth rings.
tropical rain forest
What would occur first when a tree is girdled?
death to the roots of the tree, because they would no longer be able to receive carbohydrates from the leaves.
The solute potential of a cell will always be __________ . The pressure potential of a cell will always be _________.
negative, positive
A cell has a Solute potential of -0.4MPa, and a Pressure potential of 0.2MPa. This means that the Water potential of that cell is _. If this cell is placed in a beaker with a Solute potential of -0.2MPA, the water _____ (There will be no net movement of water.)
-0.2MPa, will not move in or out
A cell has a Solute potential of -0.7MPa, and a Pressure potential of 0.4MPa. This means that the Water potential of that cell is_. If this cell is placed in a beaker with a Solute potential of -0.6MPA, the water _ of the cell .
-0.3MPa ,will move out
If you fertilize your house plant too often, the plant will look wilted even though the soil is wet. This is because the solute potential in the root cells is _____________ compared to the solute potential surrounding the root cells. This causes the water __________ the root cells .
more positive, to leave
Transpiration in plants occurs during the day when guard cells are turgid, creating ______________ pressure in the xylem. At night, these cells close when __________________ .
negative, ABA is synthesized
Negative pressure in the Xylem is created because the xylem is essentially a tube. _____________ causes the negative pressure because the water potential in the air is ___________ compared to the water potential of the leaf. This causes the water to ___________ . Due to cohesion and adhesion, water molecules are pulled through the xylem.
transpiration, more negative, exit the leaf
Cohesion
water adheres to itself
Adhesion
water adheres to the walls of the xylem
Roots
positive pressure creates a "pushing" force
Transpiration
negative pressure creates a "pulling" force
transport through xylem vessels can be blocked by _______, which are air bubbles in the xylem.
cavitation
the active transport of sugars in the sieve tube members is called:
translocation
what would occur is debris lodges in the stomata and prevents them from closing?
increased transpiration
What are 2 main reasons that plants exposed to smoke may see a decrease by as much as 50% in photosynthesis?
The destruction of chlorophyll and the impeding of the movement of carbon dioxide into the plant through the leaf.
Explain how clogged stomata may cause water stress in plants.
The pore is stuck open and can no longer function correctly, which causes transpiration to continuously occur through the stomata and water loss causes stress to the plant. The plant will lose too much water.
What are 3 ways plants can benefit from fire?
The three ways that plants can benefit from fire are: seed germination, seed dispersal, and the ash can act as a good fertilizer.
True or False: Rhizobium are the most common bacteria on the planet and help explain why Nitrogen is rare in the atmosphere but found in great abundance in its organic form.
false,
The plant obtains nitrogen from this beneficial symbiotic relationship
the rhizobia gain oxygen from this beneficial symbiotic relationship
The plant obtains phosphorous and micronutrients from this beneficial symbiotic relationship
the mycorrhiza fungi gain carbohydrates from this beneficial symbiotic relationship
The carnivorous plant obtains nitrogen from this interaction
the insect is consumed in this interaction
The parasitic plant obtains carbohydrates and sometimes other nutrients from this interaction
the host, such as another plant or fungi, gains nothing and is often damaged in this interaction.
The process of converting a gas into an organic compound is called _________ .
fixation
In plants, the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates takes place in the ___________.
chloroplasts
Plants cannot access atmospheric nitrogen due to its triple bond. To convert this gas into organic matter, bacteria such as rhizobia convert this compound into ___________.
nitrates
Silica inclusions and thorns
first line physical defense mechanism
Allelopathy
one plant produces a chemical that influences other plants
Jasmonic Acid
inducible defense triggered by wounding
Airborne signal
attracts parasitic wasps to lay eggs on plant eating caterpillars
Systemic Acquired Resistance
temporary broad ranging defense to a pathogen
Which macronutrients are absorbed from the soil by the plant roots
hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium
Uptake of positive ions by plants roots occurs by...
cation exchange
what is involved in pathogen response for plants?
hypersensitive response, systemic acquired resistance, gene-for-gene hypothesis
what is considered food that directly supplies energy to plant cells?
sugars
etiolation
process of a seedling using its stored carbohydrates to grow and reach the sunlight
chlorophyll
helps plants produce carbohydrates from CO2, water, and sunlight
phytochrome
pigment used for plant growth signaling
phototropism
a plant is placed in a window and over time it bends towards the sunlight
thigmotropism
hops grow up to 20 inches per week by wrapping tendrils around support trellises.
photomorphogenesis
a tree in a crowded forest begins to grow rapidly taller to obtain more light
thigmomorphogenesis
a tree on a windy hillside is shaped by mechanical force and results in few branches on the windward side.
vernalization
process where a plant in stimulated to bloom only after a cold period
phase change
process where a plant alters its physical appearance and develops the competency to flower.
Gravity is perceived by the cell, possibly by the sinking of ____________. This mechanical signal is transduced into a physiological signal in the gravity-sensing cell, and then the signal is sent to other cells, with the hormone auxin playing a role. Differential cell ___________ occurs, affecting cells in the "up" and "down" sides of the root or shoot and causing it to curve in the appropriate direction. Roots are positivelygravitrophic, while shoots are negatively so.
amyloplasts, elongation
Seeds become dormant
abscisic acid
Roots orient downwards towards the soil and shoots orient upward
auxin
Development of fruit and seeds
auxin
Fruit ripening
ethylene
Abscission of leaves
ethylene
In the summer, when nights are short a portion of the _____________ will still be present at dawn.
pfr
High levels of Pfr trigger development of flower primordia in
long day plants
true or false: plant growth, development, and response to the environment is coordinated by environmental cues and chemical signals.
true
what plant response would result in directional growth?
tropism
the active form of phytochrome is:
phytochrome far red
what is true about phytochrome
phytochrome red absorbs red light
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