models

environmental determinism

the theory that the environment determines how human societies develop and behave.

environmental possibilism

the theory that the environment sets limitations but doesn’t determine human actions and cultural development.

Stage 1- DTM

characterized by high birth and death rates, resulting in a stable population, no country in stage 1 currently.

Stage 2- DTM

characterized by high birth rates and declining death rates, leading to rapid population growth, most LDCs stuck in stage 2 with improving healthcare and sanitation.

Stage 3- DTM

characterized by declining birth rates and low death rates, resulting in slower population growth.This stage typically includes countries that are experiencing better education and access to contraception.

Stage 4- DTM

characterized by low birth and death rates, leading to a stable population, typically found in developed countries with advanced healthcare and economy.

Stage 5- DTM

characterized by very low birth rates and an aging population, leading to potential population decline, often seen in highly developed countries.

Malthusian theory

a theory proposing that population growth will outpace food production, leading to famine and societal collapse if not controlled.

Neo-malthusians

a group that advocates for population control measures to prevent resource depletion, suggesting that overpopulation will lead to environmental degradation and food shortages.

Ravenstein's 1st Law of Migration

The majority of people who migrate only travel a short distance. This can be classified as Friction of Distance.

Ravenstein's 2nd Law of Migration

Migration proceeds in steps.(step migration)

Ravenstein's 3rd Law of Migration

Migrants who travel long distances, are more likely to prefer areas that are great centers of commerce or industry.

Ravenstein's 4th Law of Migration

Each current of migration produces a compensating counter-current.

Ravenstein's 5th Law of Migration

People in rural areas are more likely to migrate than people in cities.

Ravenstein's 6th Law of Migration

Men migrate over longer distances than women.

Ravenstein's 7th Law of Migration

Most migrants are young adult males; families rarely migrate out of their country of birth

Ravenstein's 8th Law of Migration

Large towns grow more by migration then by natural increase

Ravenstein's 9th Law of Migration

Migration increases in volume as industries and commerce develop and transport improves

Ravenstein's 10th Law of Migration

Migration is mostly due to economic causes.

Ravenstein's 11th Law of Migration

Women are more likely to migrate within the local area.

Zelinskys model of migration

A theory that describes migration trends based on demographic changes and developing economies, indicating that migration patterns evolve as societies progress.