Ancient Egypt - Separation of Pharmacy & Medicine | ORIGNS of PCOG & Plant Chemistry

Ebers Papyrus

• The most complete medical document, the oldest and the most important medical papyri of ancient egypt

• It is a collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs;

• Is a 110-page scroll, which is about 20 meters long.

Edwin Smith Papyrus

Contains surgical instructions and formulas for cosmetics

Kahun Medical Papyrus

The oldest and deals with the health of women, including birthing instructions

Ayurvedic writing

mentioned medicines from plants like ricinus, pepper, lily, valerian etc.

Caraka Samhita
Susruta Samhita
Astanga Hrdayam Samhita

3 main parts of Ayurvedic writing

Caraka Samhita

most important main part of Ayurvedic writing

Susruta Samhita

760 herbs in 7 groups based on their common properties (main part of Ayurvedic writing)

Samgadhara Samhita
Bhava Prakasa Samhita
Madhava Nidanam Samhita

3 minor parts of Ayurvedic writing

Jamu

• Indonesian traditional medicine

• Carvings at the template of borobudur, depicts the use of kalpataruh leaves to make medicines

kalpataruh

the tree that never dies

Serat kawruh bab jampi-jampi

• one of the most important manuscripts (found in Surakarta Palace Library)

• a treatise on all manner of cures

Serat centhini

• one of the most important manuscripts (found in Surakarta Palace Library)

• Book of Centhini

Remedies from Indonesia

• Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)

• Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans),

• Java tea (Orthosiphon stamineaus = O. aristatus, and Orthosiphon spp.)

• Jambul (Eugenia jambolana)

• Galangal (Alpinia galanga)

galangal

(Indonesian remedy) - used around the world as medicine or culinary spices

King Ashurbanipal

• Suggest that around 2500 B.C, Sumerians already had commerce of crude drugs

• Assyrians 660 B.C 250 drugs were recognized, discovered and cultivated by them

Hippocrates

Father of Medicine

Aristotle

• A student of great philosopher Plato

• listed more than 500 plants of medicinal importance with their description and uses

Theophrastus

Wrote the De Historia Plantarum and De Causis Plantarum

De Historia Plantarum & De Causis Plantarum

These book contains many kinds of plants and how they are used in medicine, how to grow them.

Krateus

First herbalist who produced an illustrated work on medicinal plants - phytograpy

Padanius Dioscorides

wrote De Materia Medica

De Materia Medica

• 500 medicinal plants

• organized pharmaceutical and medical knowledge;

• Gives information pertaining to drug and their usage

• medical matter in 5 volumes

Format of De Materia Medica

1. Plant name, synonyms and pictures

2. habitats

3. botanical description

4. drug action / properties

5. medicinal use

6. harmful side effects

7. quantities and dosage

8. harvesting, preparation and storage

9. adulteration and methods of detection

10. veterinary use

Pliny de Elder

• collected Natural history

• He reports from writing of many authors whose work does not survive

natural history

largest collection on plants from the roman period, serves as a valuable resource for the medicinal uses of plants in ancient medicine.

Claudius Galen

A 3rd century AD greek physician, who codified the preparation of drug using multiple ingredients by mechanical means called galenicals.

Materia Medica

• Medicinal materials

• Substances and products derived from natural sources and was employed by the physician during the ancient Greece and Rome.

Ibn Sina

one of the brilliant contributors to Pharmacy and Medicine

Book of Healing (Kitab AL-SHifa)

Canon of Medicine

books written by Ibn Sina

Apothecary

pharmacy / drug store

Sicily and Southern Italy

pharmacy was separated from medicine

Frederic II of Hohenstaufen

he presented subjects pharmacists with the first European edict completely separating their responsibilities from those medicine, and prescribing regulations for their professional practice.