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West Africa controls trade by using __________
trans-saharan route (trade salt and gold)
What do Muslims do in West Africa
start building schools/infrastructure
Why do many West Africans convert to Islam
to use the schools to gain an education/outside knowledge
Why does the Trans-saharan trade route become not as important around 1500?
Columbus discovers the “new world” (America) in 1492
True or false, the Bantu migration happened very fast
False. It happened over many centuries
Things shaped by the Bantu
Language
Religious beliefs
Agricultural beliefs
Was Africa centralized or decentralized around 500-1000
VERY decentralized
In Africa from 500-1000 what happened to tribes/districts/kingdoms
as pop. grows and more wealth comes, tribes become districts
districts become more difficult to govern and districts become larger kingdoms
The Hausa states were connected through
Kinship
How did the Hausa states grow?
through trans-saharan + developing a strong military
What was Ghana’s “claim to fame”
gold, ivory, and salt
trade allowed for Ghana to become very ________
wealthy
What happens around 1300 in West Africa
Mali Empire replaces Ghana
After Mali Empire falls who takes over?
Songhai
What are the three main places in East Africa?
Swahili city-states
Zimbabwe (Great Zimbabwe)
Ethiopia (Axum)
Swahili & Zimbabwe get very rich using what?
Indian Ocean trade
(compared to Ghana/Mali/Songhai getting rich
Swahili city-states are _______ city states and _______ cities
independent, trade
2 major things to know about Swahili City-States
Trade (Indian Ocean)
Cultural diffusion
blend of African and Islamic culture
many convert to Islam because of trade
Monsoon Winds are a big contributor to what?
cultural diffusion
winter/fall winds moved opposite of summer/spring winds
when merchants couldn’t make it back to their home because of the wind they would stick around and trade with locals
Monsoon Winds make trade very _______
easy
ZImbabwe/Great Zimbabwe is known for what?
massive stoen structures
Zimbabwe is a mix of _____ and _______
Bantu and Swahili
Zimbabwe is more like _________ __________.
traditional Africa
Ethiopia is majorly what religion
christian
Ethiopia expressed power through what?
Big stone churches
What are the THREE main things that social structure is based off of in Africa?
Kinship
Age
Gender
Is Africa matrilineal or patrilineal?
matrilineal: status and property pass through the mothers side (women had social power)
What are Griots?
oral storytellers that possess a lot of knowledge
Why was it important for Gritots to tell information by way of stories?
The stories made it easier for people to remember and understand.
Djenné Mosque
CULTURAL DIFFUSION (Islamic and African)
When the Roman empire falls (476) what two regions merge as a result.
Western Europe and Eastern Europe(Byzantine)
What do most of the romans convert to directly after the fall of the roman empire
christianity
IN WESTERN EUROPE, it becomes very _____ (centralized or decentralized?)
decentralized
IN WESTERN EUROPE, the middle/dark ages take place from ___ to _____
500-1400
What were the middle/dark ages? (western europe)
A time where trade declined and innovations decline (everything becomes stagnent)
IN WESTERN EUROPE, Catholicism is very ____
powerful!
IN WESTERN EUROPE, they eventually decide to go retake the ______
holy land
(western europe) eventualy Crusaders return and bring back ___________
ancient knowledge and a demand for foreign good (the demand for foreign goods leads to the RENAISSANCE)
Eastern Europe, is very ________
centralized
type of Christianity popular in Eastern Europe
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
type of Christianity popular in Western Europe
Catholicism
the two headed eagle is important because it shows
Ruling by the Emperor and Patriarch (pope)
What is a socio-economic system? (europe)
self-policing hierarchy and self-sustaining economy
What is this and what does it rely on?
Feudal system
relies on mutual obligation
What is Manorialism (Manor system)
peasants are tied to land (not directly owned) in exchange for protection
3 Field System
system in which crops are rotated through 3 different fields
field 1- food crops that decrease fertility of soil
field 2- Legumes that add nitrogen+increase soil fertility
field 3- left empty so soil can rest/replenish
European Innovations
Horse collar (6th c.)
Heavy plow (6th c.)
Horse shoe (9th c.)
wheel barrow (12th c.)
Medieval Warm Period
(900-1350) A period of time where temperatures in Europe where mildly warmer
increased urbanization
led to a period of great stability
Urbanization
accompanies commercial (econ) success _ power
Little Ice Age
ended Medieval Warm Period
1350-1850
led to increase in disease, social unrest, and cities growing at a much slower rate
Power Shifts in Europe
To start, Nobles had the most power but overtime the power of the monarchs (kings) will increase.
How did Monarchs increase their power (europe)
built large bureaucracies to carry out their will
conscripted large standing armies
they are on standby
The power struggles between the lords and Monarchs leads to the ______
Magna Carta
Who were the Crusades and what was their goal
(1100-1250)
military campaigns sanctioned by the pope
goal was to recapture the holy land from the muslims
Primogeniture
1st born son inherits everything
Effects of Crusades
Europeans develop a taste for Mid East/Asian goods
Knowledge of Dar-al-Islam returns to Europe
Black Plague
Mongol conquest brought it westward
killed 1/3 of Europeans
Effects of the Black Plague
Less peasants more demand for them=increase salary
people turned away from “God will save us” to “Science will save us”
Divine right (Europe) and Mandate of Heaven (China) both essentially mean
the ruler (King/Emperor) has been ordained by God to rule
In the context of Divine right and Mandate of Heaven, how would God show displeasure
natural disasters (floods/droughts) or Environmental disasters
Note
Flashcard