Chapter 10 and 12 Simple Experimentation (20 Questions)

experimental psychology

Confounding variable-

A general term for a potential alternative explanation for research finding; a threat to internal validity

Between groups design

Both independent variables are studied as independent groups. Therefore, if using a 2 × 2 factorial design, there are four different groups of participants in the experiment.

An experimental design in which different groups of participants are exposed to different levels of the independent variable, such that each participant experiences only one level of the independent variable.

Within groups design

(also called a repeated-measures factorial), both independent variables are manipulated as ______ ______. If the design is 2 × 2, there is only one group of participants but they participate in all four combinations, or cells, of the design.

An experimental design in which each participant is presented with all levels of the independent variable.

Counterbalancing

In a repeated-measures experiment, presenting the levels of the independent variable to participants in different sequences to control for order effects.

They present the levels of the independent variable to participants in different sequences. With ____________, any order effects should cancel each other out when all the data are combined

Complete Counterbalancing

A method of counterbalancing in which all possible condition orders are represented.- randomly assign to different groups of participants.

2 conditions - easy A, then B, and then B, then A to a different group

3 conditions - there would be 6 possible sequence groups 

Incomplete Counterbalancing

A method of counterbalancing in which some, but not all, of the possible condition orders are represented.

Main effects

The overall effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable, averaging over the levels of the other independent variable. A ____ _____ is a simple difference. In a factorial design with two independent variables, there are two _____ _____.

Main effect can be determined by

Comparing marginal means of the columns and then rows, if the marginal means for the column/row are not equal, then there is a ____ _____.

The interaction is the most important

effect

Interaction 

A result from a factorial design, in which the difference in the levels of one independent variable changes, depending on the level of the other independent variable; a difference in differences. This can be determined through plotting if the lines are not perfectly parallel there is an interaction

Matching groups design reduces

noise in between subjects design

Number of potential main effects is equal to the

number of independent variables

Moderator

Construct an explanation that explains the relationship between independent and dependent variables 

What section of study is the design found?

method

Matched group design -

An experimental design technique in which participants who are similar on some measured variable are grouped into sets; the members of each matched set are then randomly assigned to different experimental conditions. For example, IQ and memory have a positive correlation, so split high vs low IQ between both conditions for the memory study.

An _____ effect occurs when an independent variable has an overall effect on a dependent variable.

Main

When the way in which an independent variable influences behavior differs depending on the level of another independent variable, there is an ______ effect 

interaction