Quiz Industrial Revolution

What was the Industrial Revolution?

* Period of **scientific and technological development in the 18th century**
* Transformed largely rural, agrarian societies—especially in Europe and North America—**into industrialized, urban ones.**
* **1760** to about **1820–1840**

What is the difference between the 1st and 2nd Industrial Revolution?

*First industrial* revolution was centered on **textiles, steam power, and iron** while the *second* was centered on **steel, railroads, petroleum, chemicals and electricity.**

What was the Agricultural Revolution?

* Period in the **1700s**


* Saw a massive/rapid **increase** in agricultural productivity.


* Vast improvements in farm technology.

What were the results of the Agricultural Revolution?

* Farming improves → Farmers lose jobs → Turn to factory jobs in cities ……. Food supplies increase → Population grows → Demand for food rises.

What is mechanization?

* Started in **1760** (Great Britain)
* The process of the production of goods transitioning from **people** making them to **machines** making them.

Where did the first Industrial Revolution begin?

**Great Britain**

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?

* Natural resources (**water, coal, iron**)
* Strong economy - grown rich due to overseas **trade/bank loans**.
* Population growth - people moving cities = **larger workforce**.
* Political stability
* Had factors of production - **hand, labor, capital**.

What were some inventions of the time?

* **The Spinning Jenny** by James Hargreaves → Made the process of making thread cheaper.
* **The Steamboat** by Robert Fulton
* John McAdam’s **Solid Roads**
* **Transportaion improvements** by water.
* **Steam Engine** by James Watt

Textile Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

* The Spinning Jenny by **James Hargreaves** (1764)
* The Water Frame by **Richard Arkwright** (1769)
* The Spinning Mule by **Samuel Crompton** (1779)
* The Power Loom by **Edmund Cartwright** (1785)

How were factories first powered?

By the use of the **water frame invented by Richard Arkwright.**

What was the biggest invention?

Railroads/Steam engine → The steam driven locomotive (James Watt) (**1804**) First railroad line (**1821**)

What were changes in society/culture that were caused by the Industrial Revolution?

* Unskilled workers learned to **operate machines** in a **few days which changed the work culture**.
* **Women & Children** → Operated machines, did not expect high wages, did not have set work habits.
* **Outcome:** You being a Skilled worker = unemployment since everybody could do the same thing for cheaper on a machine. Machines were also very easy to learn how to use.
* Rise of child labor = taken advantage of

Emigration

* Movement of people away from their home country.
* People emigrated due to **jobs, higher wages, transportation allowed easier access, fled from oppression and discrimination.**

Who were the first countries to Industrialize?

1. **Great Britain** (Late 1700s)
2. British opens Spinning factory in **Belgium**.
3. Next, **Germany**, **U.S.**, and **France** industrialize due abundance in natural resources.
4. So the order was, Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, The U.S., and then France. (**other countries industrialized later these are the 4 main ones to industrialize first**)

Who were the last countries to industrialize?

1. **Russia** (Due to political/social issues)
2. **Italy** (Due to political/social issues)
3. **China**
4. **Japan**

Growth of Cities & Suburbs

* Factory system causes growth of cities → **overcrowding, rise of crime, pollution, and poverty.**
* Many leave cities for residential areas outside cities called **suburbs**.
* Suburbs are less crowded/less noisy/bigger homes in suburbs.
* Transportation allows quick travel to and from.

What was life in the city life in the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?

* **No running water** (No sewers until late 1800s)
* Garbage tossed in streets factory smoke caused pollution & bad smells.
* Crowded/unsafe.
* Common diseases - **cholera, typhoid, typhus, smallpox, and tuberculosis**.

What was life in the city like later on in the industrial revolution (not at the beginning)?

* Iron pipes, flushing toilets, running water.
* Public sewers, paves roads, streetlights.
* Social services (people who help the community) affected.
* Police officers (**A.K.A “Bobbies” at time**) patrolled streets.
* Refrigeration allows food availability all year.

Public Education

* Enlightenment ideas spur “**public education**”
* Industrialists want - people who could **read & write, engineers, scientists, skilled technicians.**
* Outcome
* By 1870 most governments in Europe pass laws requiring education for all children! (Not until 1900s for girls)

Effect of Public Education

* Lower class children only learn throughout **their early years.**
* Upper class children go **through upper grades/college.**
* New job opportunities.
* Newspapers/political cartoons important.

Leisure & Cultural Activities

* As cities grow/as people had more time → desire for entertainments grow
* Rugby (**first played**)
* Soccer (**first spectator sport**)
* Football (**adapted by rugby**)
* Baseball (**first official game**)

More leisure activities during the Industrial Revolution

* Bicycling
* Public Libraries
* Art museums
* Public Parks
* Music & Concert Hall

The world’s first major rail line went between what two cities?

Manchester and Liverpool

Why were women more wanted in the factory work space?

They thought women could adapt more easily to machines and were easier to manage.

Other facts

* **Urbanization** - The movement of people to cities.
* **Who benefitted the most from the Industrial Revolution?** - The entrepreneurs who set it in motion.
* **Middle class** - Merchants, inventors, and skilled artisans.
* **Tenements** - Multistory buildings divided into apartments.

What is the difference between emigration and immigration?

To **emigrate** means to __***leave***__ one's home country with the intention of staying away. **Immigrate** means to __***enter and settle***__ in a foreign country where one is not a native. The key difference is whether you are **coming or going**. Both are related to each other.