western civ test 1

Ansu/ Apsu

Ansu/ Apsu

Babylonian- He is the primordial god Freshwater. He literally is freshwater. He was supposed to wipe out all of the lesser gods but was put to sleep by Enki.

Tiamat/ Dragon Queen

Babylonian- Primordial god salt water. She has been awoken many times by the partying of the other younger gods. Each time she tries to kill them then is calmed down to sleep again. However once she was serious about it and tried to kill them all. She failed and was killed by Marduk.

Enki (Ea)

Babylonian- Prince of Eridu, Lord of Earth. Created mankind and likes helping his creation. He also likes to protect them when the other gods often try to kill them all. Example: Helped Utnapishtim and his wife escape the flood by building an ark.

Hesiod of Boetia- Greek

Farmer and Poet. Wrote much of Theogony, or Greek mythology.

Pandora

First woman from the famous story "Pandora's box/jar"- Greek Mythology. She was created by hephaestus, epimetheus, and Athena. Released all evil into the world, leaving one thing left in the box, sealed away; hope. Whether that was to keep hope safe or to keep it from getting out, we do not know.

Adam

Hebrew- First man. He ate of the Forbidden tree after Eve gave him some of the fruit. His punishment for eating was a mortal life and having to work.

Eve

Hebrew- First woman, made by the rib of Adam. The serpent (the devil) deceived and lied to her, causing her to eat the fruit off of the Forbidden tree and giving some to Adam to eat as well. Her punishment was a mortal life and that when she gave birth it would be painful.

Sargon I - 2350 BC

First Ruler that we know of ever. Also the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire. His name means "legitimate leader", but he prolly actually stole the kingdom .

Ur-Nammu

From the Third Dynasty of Ur, 2125-2004 BC. Made the first known written law code, known as "Code of Ur-Nammu".

Gilgamesh

King of Assyria/ Uruk- 2700 BC. There is a myth about him where he is a bad guy, but nobody cares about that. Enkidu, half beast half man is sent to kill him then becomes his best friend. They go on adventure, Enkidu dies, and Gilgamesh seeks immortality. He tries and fails, and in the process learns about the Great Flood.

Utnapishtim

Babylonian/ Sumerian- Name means "The man that is far away". Enki/ Ea told him of the gods plan to kill off all humans in a flood. Ea tells him to build an ark and put some animals and his family in there. This saves humanity from extinction. Gods find out about the humans being alive and are mad until Ea guilt trips them. They then give Utna and his wife eternal life. Gilgamesh later seeks him out to also get this gift but fails.

Narmer/ Menes

Unified upper and lower Egypt. First pharaoh.

Djoser

Pharaoh that made the first pyramid (called the Step Pyramid) as a tomb for when he dies

Khufu

Pharaoh who ordered the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza

Hammurabi

From the Old Babylonians (Amorites)- 1792-1750 BC. First powerful leader of Babylonians. Expands territory into a great empire. Most likely the reason Babylonian religion was centered around Marduk. Created the first expansive detailed, thought out law book, "The Code of Hammurabi".

Minos

First king and founder of Minoans, on the island of Crete. Greek mythology says that Zeus fell in love with a woman named Europa and disguised himself as a great bull. She rides on his back and Zeus takes her to the island of Crete and they have a kid, Minos.

Theseus

Greek mythology- prince of Athens, son of King Aegeus. Mad at human sacrifices to the Labyrinth that King Minos demands, so goes himself. On the way he gets the attention of Minos daughter, who helps him to be able to get out of the Labyrinth. He goes into the maze, kills the minotaur that is in there, and gets out. On his way back to Athens, he drops off Minos daughter, Ariadne, because she isn't as great as he remembered hours before. She gets revenge with god, and in the process leads to Theseus dads death.

Ahmose I

18th dynasty of Egypt. Founded the New Kingdom and expanded territory

Hatshepsut

Takes over egypt, stepmother/ step aunt of baby pharoah. Becomes the most powerful woman to be pharaoh, if not most powerful pharaoh in general. Stops expansion of Egypt and stabilizes Egypt from the inside, saving Egypt from falling

Thutmose III

stepson/step nephew of Hatshepsut. Doesn't like that she was pharaoh for too long and wouldn't step down. When she dies he erases her from their history. This was so successful we didn't know about her until the 1800s. Thutmose III is the first person to record a battle, the Battle of Megiddo.

Amenhotep IV/ Akhenaton

Pharaoh who was mad at priests who at this time are pretty much more powerful than the pharaoh himself. In response he changes their religion with a new god, changing his name too. This is the first record of monotheism.

Tutankhaten/ Tutankhamen

Least important pharaoh and therefore the most important. He was so unimportant that everyone forgot where his tomb was, so there was no grave robbers. When his tomb was found, they got a look at an untouched preserved tomb. Other than all of that, he changes egyptian religion back to what it once was.

Ramses II

Single most powerful pharaoh ever. Was the pharoah who lived to 81 and had over 100 kids. Peak of Egypt, never as powerful in military or territory. The "Egyptian Empire" period.

Marduk

babylonian god; son of Enki. He is the "strongest god", god of the 4 winds or simply the Four Winds, "Child of the Sun, Storm god. The other gods persuade him to defeat Tiamat on the condition that he becomes the king of the gods. He does kill Tiamat and cuts up her bodies to make the world again (Second Creation). He also creates mankind for slaves, through the bloodshed of Kingu.

Kingu

babylonian god, son of tiamat. He was tasked by his mother to defeat the other gods by using the "Tablet of Destiny" that can change reality. Marduk tricks him into a one on one and defeats him, Kingu is then tortured or killed, can't remember, either way his blood is used to make mankind.

Gaea

Greek primordial goddess. Earth. Wife of Uranus (her son), and gave birth to 3 hecatonsheires (100 heads and arms), 3 cyclops, and twelve titans. Uranus imprisons his first 6 crazy inbred monster babies in tartarus. Gaea convinces her son cronus to fight uranus and free her monster children from tartarus. Cronus kills Uranus, becomes king of the gods, but does not release his uncles.

Uranus

Greek god of the sky/heavens. Son and husband of Gaea. He has some children with Gaea and imprisons the messed up inbred monster babies in tartarus. His wife didn't like that so tasked his son cronus to defeat him and release his monster siblings. So, Cronus defeats Uranus and become king of the gods. Also, Cronus chops off his uranus's boys, which are thrown into the ocean creating Aphrodite (Goddess of Love)

Cronus

Greek god of time. Son of Gaea and Uranus, Wife and sister of Rhea. Tasked to defeat his father by his mother, so that he can free his monster siblings from tartarus. He defeats his father, cuts off his boys(in the process creating a goddess), and becomes king of the gods. He doesn't free his siblings and so is prophesied to be killed by his children. So when he does have children he eats them all, except one got away and later killed him, becoming king of the gods.

Rhea

Greek goddess of Fertility and Motherhood. Wife and sister of Cronus. Mother of Zeus and saves him from being eaten by his father. Later gets Zeus to free his brothers and sister from his fathers stomach.

Zeus

Greek god of lighting, thunder, law and order, and king of gods. He became king after killing his father. He freed his monster uncles from Tartarus and imprisoned the titans. Has a big ego and gets with a whole lot of women and has lots of kids.

Prometheus

Greek titan. Son of Leptus and Clymene. Creates man, then brings them fire, causing zeus to punish him for eternity by having an eagle peck out his liver everyday while he is chained to the side of a cliff.

Enkidu

Babylonian- half man half beast, sent by the god Anu to fight and kill Gilgamesh, in the Epic of Gilgamesh. He instead becomes Gilgamesh's best friend and they go on adventures. He is cursed by a demon to die a horrible death, and soon after dies after getting every known disease in the world and died.

Humbaba

Babylonian- Forest demon of the Great Cedar Forest. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, gilgamesh and enkidu defeat him and debate on killing him. Enkidu is set on killing him, so the demon curses him to have a soon and horrible death. Shortly after he is killed by Gilgamesh

Ishtar/Inanna

Babylonian- Goddess of Fertility. In the Epic of Gilgamesh she fancies Gilgamesh, but he denies her because she sleeps around too much. She tells her dad Anu who sends the manliest bull to kill him. Gilgamesh kills it, but only after it kills Enkidu.

Ra (Re)

Egyptian- sun god. Leader of gods. So powerful and busy that he isn't prayed too often so that he isn't interrupted. Eventually combined with another sun god Amon.

Isis

Egyptian- Sister and wife of Osiris. Goddess of fertility, basically egypts ishtar and eventually are merged together into one god as the cultures communicate more.

Osiris

Egyptian god of the underworld. Brother and husband to Isis. Weighs peoples hearts after death to determine where you'll go when you die, hell or heaven. killed and ressurected, killed again and ressurected to give her sister a child Horus. The seasons are made by this happening every year. Dead, revived, dead, revived for a little bit.

Dionysus

Greek god of wine and partying. Goes to Minos daughter when she cried out for help and helped in the death of king Aegues.

Amon

Egyptian sun god in the city of Thebes. Priests had Ra and Amon, and decided to combine them into one sun god of Amon-Ra

Enuma Elish

Babylonian - means When Above- Seven tablets of Creation. Creation myth through violence.

Theogony

Greek- creation myth. Written by Hesiod of Boetia. Violance in family, sons overthrowing fathers. Genealogies

Muse

Greek: Daughters of Zeus, the arts, help teach Hesiod the story of creation.

Primordial

gods and goddesses that are what they are the god of. Ex: Tiamat literally is Saltwater

Genesis

Hebrew creation myth- peaceful and created without violence and in 6 days. First monotheistic creation myth

shabbat/Sabbath

Hebrew- Seventh day of creation, day of rest, nothing is created

Eden

Hebrew- garden that held adam, eve, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, where the fall of man took place

prehistory

the period of time before written records

paleolithic age

old stone age- nomadic, always moving around

Neolithic Age

New stone age- agriculture is created and stayed around river valleys

Civilization

1. Urban Focus/Settled

2. Government

3. religion and religious structure

4. Jobs specialization

Mesopotamia

The Fertile Crescent, the Land Between the Rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates

Ubaid Period

5900-4300BC, first time people settled and made cities and got jobs other than farming. Ubaid is the name of the main digsite.

Uruk period

4900-2900BC, all big inventions begin at end of this period - wheel, writing bronze, ect.

ziggurat

a temple used for religion, kind of like a step pyramid

pictography

3200BC - drawing pictures to represent something. First step to becoming a written language

cuneiform

1000BC - first written language, wedge shaped

sexagesimal

early math system going by units of 60. Still used in geometry and telling time today.

lugal

They are like a king, but more like a chief in how much power they have. You become it by fighting every other family that goes against you and winning.

The Epic of Gilgamesh

First great literary work- around the beginning of writing old. It is an Epic Poem

Hieroglyphics

Egyptian ancient writing system. The word means the sacred carvings, used for pharaoh, religion, and gods. Original writing of Egypt

hieratic

Stems from hieroglyphics, used by priests

demotic

Stems from hieratic, and eventually was turned into modern Egyptian. This was usually written on papyrus

papyrus

paper made from reeds from the Nile River and is bad for historians because it disintegrated over time.

pharaoh

Egyptian ruler, means of the great house, or house of the gods. They were said to be the incarnations of a specific god in Egypts culture, Horus

minotaur

Greek - half man half bull. Born and put into the labyrinth and was fed humans by order of King Minos

chariot

wheel cart pulled by horses. Hittites created heavy ones, mitanni created lighter ones.

megiddo

The word in hebrew means, Armagedon. Also a place where the first recorded battle, thanks to Thutmose III, took place.

kadesh

1300 BC - Second greatest battle recorded. Egypt vs. Hittites. First time they had both sides of the battle recorded. Both sides claimed to have won, but it is more likely they came to a compromise and made peace rather than fighting on.

linear A

Minoan form of writing that we can't read

Linear B

the next form of linear A and can read most of this language unlike Linear A. Mycenaean

Bronze age collapse

the First end of world, all civilizations, situation. Dark age where there are next to know records during this time. It may have been through drought, famine, earthquakes, rebellions, lost trade routes, disease (although there is no evidence of it), or all of the above.

The Vedas - Rigveda

The Hindu holy text, the hindu's version of a bible. Historical and religious, including ideas such as hinduism and the caste system.

Sumer

2900-2500 BC -Early Dynastic Period- first civilization, earliest settlement, first territory where people made cities and had jobs other than faming

akkad

also known as Agae/Archad/Accad. The first empire

Egypt - Old Kingdom

cultural height of Egypt, creating stuff and art rather than conquering. Time period of 900 years. Pyramids, scultures, obelisks, ect.

Egypt - 1st Intermediate Period

Civil war for 30 years between sides of the pharaoh family, trying to say who was pharaoh. The result of this war was less power to the pharaoh (not thought of as an all powerful god anymore) and more power, a soul in their religion, culture, and influence are given to the commoneers

Egypt - Middle Kingdom

2100-1650 BC- first time egypt expands out of egypts borders

Egypt - 2nd Intermediate (Hykos)

Invaded by the bronze weapon weilding Hykos who defeated them and then ruled them. After this invasion/migration, egypt finally moved out of the stone age into the bronze age

Egypt - New Kingdom

18th dynasty- expanding territory and military, as big as egypts ever going to get, all because of Ahmose I

Old Babylonians

1792-1750 BC - Amorites, the first babylonians. the first powerful leader of them being Hammurabi

Hittites

First empire to use iron in a big way and invented the heavy chariot. Sacked babylon and took it over to prove their power

Minoan

1900 BC- One of the most advanced civilizations in ancient times, some of the first greeks probably. First navy probably.

mitanni

1550-1260 BC, located in now North Syria. Invented the new lighter chariot, rather than the heavy one from the Hittites. Located in between the Hittites and Egypt, so are beat up on both sides and eventually taken over.

mycenaean

1450-1200 BC- Most greek cities are built by this time, and this is when the trojan war would have taken place, if it was a real war

mohenjo-daro and Harappa

The two large, great, advanced indus valley civilizations. cities that could have held 100,000 people, had 2-3 story buildings, oldest horse riding people and a working sewage system. They are the names of the digsites

Shang Dynasty (China)

Oldest, first recorded to be proven dynasty of china to exist. Enforced some fundamentals of china. 1. Family is important 2. Reverance of elders 3. Focus on the now not the after life 4. Education is important. This area was isolated so they had to invent things on their own without the help of other civilizations

The Code of Ur Nammu

oldest known law code created by Ur-Nammu

polytheism

belief in many gods

monotheism

belief in one god

Ma'at

Egyptian idea that everything repeats, and also means a cycle, justice, truth, basically everything is Ma'at. Osiris dies every year creating the seasons. So powerful of an idea that it was eventually was made into a goddess

The Code of Hammurabi

First expansive, detailed written law code. Written by Hammurabi and spreads everywhere influencing everyone elses law codes.

Caste system

hindu class system with no chance of getting higher or lower. You were born poor, you die poor, born rich, die rich. Levels go from priests, warriors, freemen/farmers/commoners to Slaves/Serfs. Can't marry out of caste, and have little contact with other castes

reincarnation

hindu- when you die, you will come back as something or someone else

Karma

hindu- list of what you have done, good and bad

dharma

hindu - rules of your caste that determine if your karma is good or bad, and determines whether you will be reincarnate better and better, eventually having the goal of Moksha

moksha

Hindu - after having good karma and reincarnating better and better, you can eventually become one with the god, part of them, lose individuality. Becoming one with the force

4 inventions of sumer

the wheel, writing, bronze, math