PSYC 201 Unit 9

Unit 9: Human Development
11/01/2023
Preventative over reactive
Wholistic
Developmental theories

• ^^Nature vs Nurture^^
  • Genetics/biology/hormones
  • Environment/upbringing/experiences
• ^^Continuity vs discontinuity^^
  • Ramp vs staircase
  • Smooth/gradual, kids are little adults, continuous growth
  • Discrete stages and phases, qualitatively different child vs adult
  • Chrysalis vs butterfly distinctly discontinuous
  • Puberty??
  • Qualitative phase-like shift about who you have to care about
  • May explain as discontinuous but be continuous
  • May see stashes but at a molecular level it is gradual and linked, realized at specific milestones
• ^^Ecological Model^^
  • Urie Bronfenbrenner
  • Cannot statistically test it but isn’t very disputed
  • What influences a child
  • Child level factors-Innermost ring is nature (sex at birth, intelligence, health)
  • Micro system-regular direct contact with children (constant influence-parents, teachers, friends) influence through modelling, rewards, and more
  • Mesosystem-direct interaction between people and themselves (relationship between Mom & Dad, between coach and teacher, between friends, etc.)
  • Exosystem-indirect influences (people you don’t talk to in class but are still there, atmosphere of neighbourhood can impact you even if you don’t know everyone)
  • Macrosystem-religion, geographical identity, ethnicity (racialized or marginalized), music
  • Chronosystem-macro level stuff specific to a historical time period (era of smartphones, airplane travel, COVID-19 pandemic, the Great Depression)
  • Could include an evolution of health like sleep, nutrition
  • Didn’t account for influencing outwards
• ^^Psychosexual developmental^^
  • Sigmund Freud
  • How we resolve unconscious desires
  • Achieve pleasure and satisfaction
• ^^Morality^^
  • Lawrence Kohlberg
  • How we decide what is right and wrong
  • Heinz dilemma
  • Small, isolated village and had a spouse, pharmacist with cure and only option is to steal it to save your spouse or letting your spouse die
• ^^Physical development^^
  • Physiological understanding of development
  • Motor development (CNS to PNS)
  • Ability to move and coordination
  • Growth patterns
  • Cephalocaudal-head to tail-head biggest eventually legs get bigger
  • Proximodistal-vital organs and outward (arms last)
  • Differentiation-specialization-stem cells, human eyes (light sensors, cornea, lens, etc), grasping (flapper, sock puppet, pincher)
• ^^Cognition^^
  • Jean Piaget
  • “Mommy blogger”
  • Recognize patterns
  • Thoughts and understanding
  • Problem solving
  • Perspective taking
  • Mental understanding
• ^^Attachment^^
  • Emotional bonds with others
  • Mary Ainsworth
  • Relationships (secure, avoidant, anxious)
• ^^Psychosocial development^^
  • Erik Erikson
  • Social bonds, less emotional
  • Unconscious conflict
  • Step-like pathway
  • Trust or not, married or single
  • Can go back down the stairs

^^Prenatal development^^

^^Physical standpoint^^

• ^^Zygote^^-2 weeks
  • Not yet connected to parents bloodstream-can still get drunk because not attached to bloodstream
• ^^Embryo^^-2.5 months
  • Dangerous stuff happens ie. Miscarriage
  • Specialization occurs
  • Most sensitive to toxins and chemicals
• ^^Fetus^^-6 months
  • No further specialization
  • Growth and maturation
• ^^Teratogens^^
  • Can harm the offspring
  • Disease (HIV, syphillis, rubella, Zika (microencphaly), STDs, etc.), drugs (cocaine, alcohol, heroin, nicotine, aspirin, anti-depressants), toxic chemicals (household cleaners, sun, lead, mercury (fish), pesticides)
• Trimesters are parent-centred

13/01/2023

^^Infancy (0-3 years)^^

• ^^Physical^^

  • 7.5lbs +/- 1.25 lbs
  • Normal distribution
  • SD=1.25lbs
  • ~68% of population (1SD)
  • ~95% of population (2SD)
  • <5lbs, could not be fully developed/not stable on its own/not enough fat for temp regulation, genetic atypicality linked to disorder
  • >10lbs, risk of infantile diabetes, pituitary gland issues

• Brain maturation

  • Reflexes, cough/sneeze

• Body proportions

• Sleep and rest

• ^^Newborn reflexes^^

  • Babinski-stroke the bottom of the foot (spread toes)
  • Moro-startle (arms out and arch back, balance and inner ear)
  • Palmar-grasping
  • Rooting-touch cheek (turn head towards the side, allows to find nipple)
  • Sucking-hard to drink from nipple or baby bottle

• ^^Motor development^^

  • Lift head-1 month
  • Lift chest-2 months
  • Reach-3 months (intent/coordination)
  • Sit with support-4 months (abdominal and back muscles)
  • Hold objects-5 months (flapper/sock puppet)
  • Sit alone-6 months (requires longer legs, not just muscles)
  • Crawl-7-9 months (knee scooting, butt scooting)
  • Stand with help-8-11 months
  • Walk-12 months
  • Hop/stairs/walk backwards-2 years+

• ^^Psychosexual^^

  • Oral (0-2 years)
  • Pleasure and comfort through mouth
  • If insufficient could bite nails, smoke, chew gum
  • Anal (2-3 years)
  • Control and shame
  • Anxious about making mistakes and tense up physically

• ^^Psychosocial^^

  • Trust vs mistrust (0-1 years)
  • Meeting needs and learn to trust people
  • Autonomy vs doubt (2-3 years)
  • Dress themselves, feed themselves, independence
  • Helicoptering leads to doubt and micromanaging

• ^^Attachment^^

  • Harry Harlow
  • Comfort and security?
  • Drink and cuddle turned out normal
  • Most time spent with cuddle mom debunking Freud
    • Stimulations of nervous system through skin to skin causes chemical response

16/01/2023

^^Infancy (cont.)^^

• ^^Strange Situation^^
  • Step 1: Care giver and infant enter research lab
  • Step 2: Infant is given time and space to explore toys
  • Step 3: Stranger enters the research lab, infant is watched for response
  • Step 4: First separation, caregiver leaves the room, stranger attempts to comfort, infant’s response is observed
  • Step 5: First reunion, caregiver enter room, infant’s response is observed, stranger leaves room
  • Step 6: second situation, caregiver leave room, infant’s response is observed
  • Step 7: stranger enters, stranger attempts to comfort
  • Step 8: second reunion, caregiver enters room, infant response is observed
  • Attachment types
  • Secure: separation=upset, reunion=comforted
  • Avoidant: indifferent
    • Can be normal and adaptive response
  • Anxious: separation=distressed, reunion=hostile
  • Disorganized
    • Doesn’t show one of the three patterns
    • Red flag-doesn’t know what to expect
    • Unpredictable relationship, can be a sign of abuse and neglect
    • Could be a sign of developmental issue
• ^^Cognitive^^
  • Sensorimotor stage-responses
  • Exploring the environment
    • Cause and effect
    • Ex. Kick crib=mobile moves—motor=sensation
    • Cannot spoil an infant with attention
  • Imitation
    • Less than 4 months will attempt to imitate individual
    • 9-12 months do so voluntarily
  • Object permanence
    • Less than 6 months don’t have it
    • Ex. tracking ball behind object, look longer if wrong colour ball comes out
    • Have a sense of physics

^^Early Childhood (Ages 3-6)^^

• ^^Imagination^^
• ^^Morality^^
  • Pre-conventional stages 1/2
  • “I don’t want to get in trouble/I want to get rewarded”
  • Avoiding punishments/towards rewards
• ^^Psychosexual^^ (Ages 3-7)
  • Phalic
  • Social somparisons
  • Oedipus (ie. Freud had a thing for his Mom)
  • Penis envy (ie. Girls find out men have penises and think they’re missing something)
• ^^Psychosocial^^ (ages 3-6)
  • Initiative vs guilt
  • Can you invite yourself to play
• ^^Cognitive^^
  • Pre-operational stage
  • Symbolism • 2=two things, two fingers
    • Drawn flower is a symbol for a flower
    • Can understand and read maps
  • Ego-centrism
    • Think everyone sees what they see
    • Hide behind hands since they cant see you
  • Centred thinking
    • Sort by suit/number
  • Conservation
  • Volume (focus on height and think you’re making more liquid)
  • Number (can count, but feel like there’s more, length over quantity)
  • Length (only ending to see if longer, vary based on reading left to right or right to left)

18/01/2023

^^Late Childhood (Ages 7-11, grades 1-5, roughly)^^

• ^^Morality^^
  • Conventional stages 3/4
  • “I want to fit in with others/I want to follow the rules”
  • Be good to spouse/people don’t steal
  • Religious rules/family rules/Canadian laws
  • Would steal because you made a vow
• ^^Attachment^^
  • Parent-child attachment influences
  • Teacher-child relationships
  • Friendship
  • Influences default-type relationship you will form with others
• ^^Psychosocial^^
  • Industriousness vs inferiority (Ages 7-11)
  • Sense of self which can be good or bad
  • Industriousness, gold stars, do good on tests
  • Inferiority- ADHD, learning disability, teacher or classmates label as bad
    • Follow their labels
  • Teachers told they have good classes, did well, told they were a problem, did bad
• ^^Cognition^^
  • Concrete operational stage
  • Conservation
  • Math operations
    • Can do without manipulatives
  • Logic problems
    • Tower of Hanoi
    • Riverboat
  • Reversibility

^^Adolescence (Ages 12-18)^^

• ^^Physical^^
  • Puberty
  • Growth spurt
  • Menarche (~11.5 year)
  • Semenarche (~13.5 years)
  • Secondary sex characteristics
• ^^Psychosexual^^
  • Genital stage (11 years+)
  • Sexuality
  • Can feel guilty about sex or be turned on by “dirty talk” because it feels dirty
• ^^Psychosocial^^
  • Identity vs confusion
  • Different extracurricular, think about future, group of friends (cliques)
  • If do not find identity, get confused
• ^^Cognition^^
  • Formal operational
  • Abstract reasoning
    • Advanced math that you cannot draw
  • Hypothetical thinking
    • “If, then” statements which don’t make sense
    • If you hit a glass with a feather it will break, what will happen if you hit a glass with a feather
    • If you could have a 3rd eye where would it be
  • Deductive reasoning
    • Solving problems without trial and error
    • Looking at previous attempts
  • Adolescent egocentrism
  • Imaginary audience
    • “everyone is looking at me”
  • Invincibility
    • They’re not going to have the bad stuff happen to them, it happens to other people
  • Importance
    • Gonna be a rockstar
    • Gonna win the contest

^^Emerging adulthood (Ages 18-25ish)^^

• ^^Morality^^
  • Post-conventional stages 5/6
  • “I owe it to them/I know it is the right thing”
• ^^Cognition^^
  • Cognitive peak
  • Brain development
  • Pathways matured
  • At 25 you plateau your level of idiocracy
• ^^Psychosocial (18-30ish)^^
  • Intimacy vs isolation
  • Forefront of their mind
• ^^Attachment^^
  • Romantic relationship
  • Jealousy
  • Fear of commitment
  • Trust
  • Transfers to romantic relationship from other relationships, unless traumatic event
  • One reliable support person regardless of relationship (even a pet), can flip to secure attachment
  • Break up over long distance relationships, convince them to stay, constant mistrust, jealous and possessive
  • Song examples
  • Ill be watching you-the police—-jealous/anxious insecure
  • “Im in a relationship with all my bitches yuh” avoidant attachments
  • You’re still the one
  • Barney the dinosaur

20/01/2023
^^Middle Adulthood (35-60)^^

• ^^Psychosocial^^
  • Generativity vs stagnation
  • Preoccupied with carreers or work
  • Meaningful impact
  • Could be volunteering
  • Helping next generation
  • Dead end job that doesn’t matter
• ^^Attachment^^
  • Attachment styles as parents
  • Securely attached person becomes securely attached parent
  • Firm but flexible
  • Brick wall parent-rules are rules, have to follow them
    • Avoidant person
  • Ghost parent-absentee
    • Avoidant person
  • Helicopter/steamroller parents-ensure safety no matter what
    • Anxious
  • Jellyfish parents-no backbone
    • Anxious
  • Marriage & divorce
  • Attachment style may predict divorce and separation

^^Elder hood (60+)^^

• ^^Physical^^
  • Menopause
  • Oxytocin goes down so stop crying about people as much
  • Don’t put up with any shit
  • Menopause/puberty at the same time is fighting central
  • Andropause
  • Testosterone drops
  • Sentimental/mushy
  • Cuddly
• ^^Psychosocial^^
  • Integrity vs despair
  • Look back and be satisfied with your life
  • Face death’s door with integrity=satisfied life
  • Things you didn’t do=despair

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