PSYC 201 Unit 9
Unit 9: Human Development
11/01/2023
Preventative over reactive
Wholistic
Developmental theories
- ^^Nature vs Nurture^^
* Genetics/biology/hormones
* Environment/upbringing/experiences - ^^Continuity vs discontinuity^^
* Ramp vs staircase
* Smooth/gradual, kids are little adults, continuous growth
* Discrete stages and phases, qualitatively different child vs adult
* Chrysalis vs butterfly distinctly discontinuous
* Puberty??
* Qualitative phase-like shift about who you have to care about
* May explain as discontinuous but be continuous
* May see stashes but at a molecular level it is gradual and linked, realized at specific milestones - ^^Ecological Model^^
* Urie Bronfenbrenner
* Cannot statistically test it but isn’t very disputed
* What influences a child
* Child level factors-Innermost ring is nature (sex at birth, intelligence, health)
* Micro system-regular direct contact with children (constant influence-parents, teachers, friends) influence through modelling, rewards, and more
* Mesosystem-direct interaction between people and themselves (relationship between Mom & Dad, between coach and teacher, between friends, etc.)
* Exosystem-indirect influences (people you don’t talk to in class but are still there, atmosphere of neighbourhood can impact you even if you don’t know everyone)
* Macrosystem-religion, geographical identity, ethnicity (racialized or marginalized), music
* Chronosystem-macro level stuff specific to a historical time period (era of smartphones, airplane travel, COVID-19 pandemic, the Great Depression)
* Could include an evolution of health like sleep, nutrition
* Didn’t account for influencing outwards - ^^Psychosexual developmental^^
* Sigmund Freud
* How we resolve unconscious desires
* Achieve pleasure and satisfaction - ^^Morality^^
* Lawrence Kohlberg
* How we decide what is right and wrong
* Heinz dilemma
* Small, isolated village and had a spouse, pharmacist with cure and only option is to steal it to save your spouse or letting your spouse die - ^^Physical development^^
* Physiological understanding of development
* Motor development (CNS to PNS)
* Ability to move and coordination
* Growth patterns
* Cephalocaudal-head to tail-head biggest eventually legs get bigger
* Proximodistal-vital organs and outward (arms last)
* Differentiation-specialization-stem cells, human eyes (light sensors, cornea, lens, etc), grasping (flapper, sock puppet, pincher) - ^^Cognition^^
* Jean Piaget
* “Mommy blogger”
* Recognize patterns
* Thoughts and understanding
* Problem solving
* Perspective taking
* Mental understanding - ^^Attachment^^
* Emotional bonds with others
* Mary Ainsworth
* Relationships (secure, avoidant, anxious) - ^^Psychosocial development^^
* Erik Erikson
* Social bonds, less emotional
* Unconscious conflict
* Step-like pathway
* Trust or not, married or single
* Can go back down the stairs
^^Prenatal development^^
^^Physical standpoint^^
- ^^Zygote^^-2 weeks
* Not yet connected to parents bloodstream-can still get drunk because not attached to bloodstream - ^^Embryo^^-2.5 months
* Dangerous stuff happens ie. Miscarriage
* Specialization occurs
* Most sensitive to toxins and chemicals - ^^Fetus^^-6 months
* No further specialization
* Growth and maturation - ^^Teratogens^^
* Can harm the offspring
* Disease (HIV, syphillis, rubella, Zika (microencphaly), STDs, etc.), drugs (cocaine, alcohol, heroin, nicotine, aspirin, anti-depressants), toxic chemicals (household cleaners, sun, lead, mercury (fish), pesticides) - Trimesters are parent-centred
13/01/2023
^^Infancy (0-3 years)^^
^^Physical^^
* 7.5lbs +/- 1.25 lbs
* Normal distribution
* SD=1.25lbs
* ~68% of population (1SD)
* ~95% of population (2SD)
*Brain maturation
* Reflexes, cough/sneezeBody proportions
Sleep and rest
^^Newborn reflexes^^
* Babinski-stroke the bottom of the foot (spread toes)
* Moro-startle (arms out and arch back, balance and inner ear)
* Palmar-grasping
* Rooting-touch cheek (turn head towards the side, allows to find nipple)
* Sucking-hard to drink from nipple or baby bottle^^Motor development^^
* Lift head-1 month
* Lift chest-2 months
* Reach-3 months (intent/coordination)
* Sit with support-4 months (abdominal and back muscles)
* Hold objects-5 months (flapper/sock puppet)
* Sit alone-6 months (requires longer legs, not just muscles)
* Crawl-7-9 months (knee scooting, butt scooting)
* Stand with help-8-11 months
* Walk-12 months
* Hop/stairs/walk backwards-2 years+^^Psychosexual^^
* Oral (0-2 years)
* Pleasure and comfort through mouth
* If insufficient could bite nails, smoke, chew gum
* Anal (2-3 years)
* Control and shame
* Anxious about making mistakes and tense up physically^^Psychosocial^^
* Trust vs mistrust (0-1 years)
* Meeting needs and learn to trust people
* Autonomy vs doubt (2-3 years)
* Dress themselves, feed themselves, independence
* Helicoptering leads to doubt and micromanaging^^Attachment^^
* Harry Harlow
* Comfort and security?
* Drink and cuddle turned out normal
* Most time spent with cuddle mom debunking Freud
* Stimulations of nervous system through skin to skin causes chemical response
16/01/2023
^^Infancy (cont.)^^
- ^^Strange Situation^^
* Step 1: Care giver and infant enter research lab
* Step 2: Infant is given time and space to explore toys
* Step 3: Stranger enters the research lab, infant is watched for response
* Step 4: First separation, caregiver leaves the room, stranger attempts to comfort, infant’s response is observed
* Step 5: First reunion, caregiver enter room, infant’s response is observed, stranger leaves room
* Step 6: second situation, caregiver leave room, infant’s response is observed
* Step 7: stranger enters, stranger attempts to comfort
* Step 8: second reunion, caregiver enters room, infant response is observed
* Attachment types
* Secure: separation=upset, reunion=comforted
* Avoidant: indifferent
* Can be normal and adaptive response
* Anxious: separation=distressed, reunion=hostile
* Disorganized
* Doesn’t show one of the three patterns
* Red flag-doesn’t know what to expect
* Unpredictable relationship, can be a sign of abuse and neglect
* Could be a sign of developmental issue - ^^Cognitive^^
* Sensorimotor stage-responses
* Exploring the environment
* Cause and effect
* Ex. Kick crib=mobile moves—motor=sensation
* Cannot spoil an infant with attention
* Imitation
* Less than 4 months will attempt to imitate individual
* 9-12 months do so voluntarily
* Object permanence
* Less than 6 months don’t have it
* Ex. tracking ball behind object, look longer if wrong colour ball comes out
* Have a sense of physics
^^Early Childhood (Ages 3-6)^^
- ^^Imagination^^
- ^^Morality^^
* Pre-conventional stages 1/2
* “I don’t want to get in trouble/I want to get rewarded”
* Avoiding punishments/towards rewards - ^^Psychosexual^^ (Ages 3-7)
* Phalic
* Social somparisons
* Oedipus (ie. Freud had a thing for his Mom)
* Penis envy (ie. Girls find out men have penises and think they’re missing something) - ^^Psychosocial^^ (ages 3-6)
* Initiative vs guilt
* Can you invite yourself to play - ^^Cognitive^^
* Pre-operational stage
* Symbolism • 2=two things, two fingers
* Drawn flower is a symbol for a flower
* Can understand and read maps
* Ego-centrism
* Think everyone sees what they see
* Hide behind hands since they cant see you
* Centred thinking
* Sort by suit/number
* Conservation
* Volume (focus on height and think you’re making more liquid)
* Number (can count, but feel like there’s more, length over quantity)
* Length (only ending to see if longer, vary based on reading left to right or right to left)
18/01/2023
^^Late Childhood (Ages 7-11, grades 1-5, roughly)^^
- ^^Morality^^
* Conventional stages 3/4
* “I want to fit in with others/I want to follow the rules”
* Be good to spouse/people don’t steal
* Religious rules/family rules/Canadian laws
* Would steal because you made a vow - ^^Attachment^^
* Parent-child attachment influences
* Teacher-child relationships
* Friendship
* Influences default-type relationship you will form with others - ^^Psychosocial^^
* Industriousness vs inferiority (Ages 7-11)
* Sense of self which can be good or bad
* Industriousness, gold stars, do good on tests
* Inferiority- ADHD, learning disability, teacher or classmates label as bad
* Follow their labels
* Teachers told they have good classes, did well, told they were a problem, did bad - ^^Cognition^^
* Concrete operational stage
* Conservation
* Math operations
* Can do without manipulatives
* Logic problems
* Tower of Hanoi
* Riverboat
* Reversibility
^^Adolescence (Ages 12-18)^^
- ^^Physical^^
* Puberty
* Growth spurt
* Menarche (~11.5 year)
* Semenarche (~13.5 years)
* Secondary sex characteristics - ^^Psychosexual^^
* Genital stage (11 years+)
* Sexuality
* Can feel guilty about sex or be turned on by “dirty talk” because it feels dirty - ^^Psychosocial^^
* Identity vs confusion
* Different extracurricular, think about future, group of friends (cliques)
* If do not find identity, get confused - ^^Cognition^^
* Formal operational
* Abstract reasoning
* Advanced math that you cannot draw
* Hypothetical thinking
* “If, then” statements which don’t make sense
* If you hit a glass with a feather it will break, what will happen if you hit a glass with a feather
* If you could have a 3rd eye where would it be
* Deductive reasoning
* Solving problems without trial and error
* Looking at previous attempts
* Adolescent egocentrism
* Imaginary audience
* “everyone is looking at me”
* Invincibility
* They’re not going to have the bad stuff happen to them, it happens to other people
* Importance
* Gonna be a rockstar
* Gonna win the contest
^^Emerging adulthood (Ages 18-25ish)^^
- ^^Morality^^
* Post-conventional stages 5/6
* “I owe it to them/I know it is the right thing” - ^^Cognition^^
* Cognitive peak
* Brain development
* Pathways matured
* At 25 you plateau your level of idiocracy - ^^Psychosocial (18-30ish)^^
* Intimacy vs isolation
* Forefront of their mind - ^^Attachment^^
* Romantic relationship
* Jealousy
* Fear of commitment
* Trust
* Transfers to romantic relationship from other relationships, unless traumatic event
* One reliable support person regardless of relationship (even a pet), can flip to secure attachment
* Break up over long distance relationships, convince them to stay, constant mistrust, jealous and possessive
* Song examples
* Ill be watching you-the police—-jealous/anxious insecure
* “Im in a relationship with all my bitches yuh” avoidant attachments
* You’re still the one
* Barney the dinosaur
20/01/2023
^^Middle Adulthood (35-60)^^
- ^^Psychosocial^^
* Generativity vs stagnation
* Preoccupied with carreers or work
* Meaningful impact
* Could be volunteering
* Helping next generation
* Dead end job that doesn’t matter - ^^Attachment^^
* Attachment styles as parents
* Securely attached person becomes securely attached parent
* Firm but flexible
* Brick wall parent-rules are rules, have to follow them
* Avoidant person
* Ghost parent-absentee
* Avoidant person
* Helicopter/steamroller parents-ensure safety no matter what
* Anxious
* Jellyfish parents-no backbone
* Anxious
* Marriage & divorce
* Attachment style may predict divorce and separation
^^Elder hood (60+)^^
- ^^Physical^^
* Menopause
* Oxytocin goes down so stop crying about people as much
* Don’t put up with any shit
* Menopause/puberty at the same time is fighting central
* Andropause
* Testosterone drops
* Sentimental/mushy
* Cuddly - ^^Psychosocial^^
* Integrity vs despair
* Look back and be satisfied with your life
* Face death’s door with integrity=satisfied life
* Things you didn’t do=despair