Studied by 7 people
What are the 9 developmental theories
Nature vs nurture
Continuity vs discontinuity
Ecological model
Psychosexual developmental
Morality
Physical developmental
Cognition
Attachment
Psychosocial development
What is nature vs nurture
Whether nature (genetics/biology/hormones) or nurture (environment/upbringing/experience) has a greater impact on development
What is continuity vs discontinuity
Comparing development to a ramp or a staircase (gradual vs discrete changes)
A butterfly going through metamorphosis would be an example of discontinuity as there are discrete stages
Who developed the Ecological model
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Can the ecological model be tested and is it disputed
No/not very disputed
From innermost to outermost, what are the levels of the ecological model
Child
Micro
Meso
Exo
Macro
Chrono
What are the aspects of the child level of the ecological model
Nature (sex at birth/intelligence/health)
What are the different aspects of the microsystem of the ecological model
Those with regular and direct contact with the children (parents, teachers, friends) influence through modelling, rewards, and more
What are the different aspects of the mesosystem of the ecological model
The relationships between individuals (not with the child) for example Mom/Dad, teacher/coach, between friends, etc.
What are the aspects of the exosystem of the ecological model
The indirect influences (people you don’t talk to in class but are still there, atmosphere of the neighbourhood, etc.)
What are the different aspects of the macrosystem in the ecological model
religion, geographical identity, ethnicity (racialized or marginalized), music
What are the different aspects of the chronosystem of the ecological model
Macro level aspects specific to a historical time period (era of smartphones, airplane travel, COVID-19 pandemic, the Great Depression)
What did the ecological model NOT account for
Influencing of inner rings outwards
Who was the major supporter of psychosexual development
Sigmund Freud
At a basic level, what is psychosexual development about
How we resolve unconscious desires and achieve pleasure/satisfaction
Who is best known for the various stages of moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg
What is the Heinz dilemma
A hypothetical situation used to assess an individual’s moral development
Having exhausted every other possibility, Heinz must decide whether to steal an expensive drug that offers the only hope of saving his dying wife
What are different aspects of physical development
Motor development
Movement and coordination
Growth patterns
Cephalocaudal (head to tail development)
Proximodistal (vital organs and outwards)
Differentiation-grasping (flapper, sock puppet, pincher)
Who is most associated with cognition development
Jean Piaget
What are the different aspects of cognitive development
Recognizing patterns, thoughts/understanding, problem solving, perspective taking, mental understanding
Who is highly associated with attachment development
Mary Ainsworth
What are the different types of attachment styles/relationships
Secure, avoidant, anxious
Who is most associated with psychosocial development
Erik Erikson
What are the different aspects of psychosocial development
Step-like pathway, constant unconscious conflict (trust or don’t trust), can go back down the stairs
What are the 3 stages of prenatal development
Zygote, embryo, fetus
Explain what a zygote is
Period of 2 weeks where the zygote is not yet connected to the parent’s bloodstream
Explain what an embryo is
Period of 2 and a half months where the embryo is most vulnerable to teratogens as this is when most specialization occurs
Explain what a fetus is
A period of 6 months where the fetus is no longer specializing but rather it continues to grow and mature
What are teratogens
Things that can harm the offspring (disease, drugs, toxic chemicals, etc)
What measurement of pre-natal development is parent centred
Trimesters
What ages do infancy include
0-3 years
What is the average weigh of a newborn and its standard deviation
7.5 lbs +/- 1.25 lbs
What are the risk of a newborn who is less than 5 lbs
May not be fully developed/stable on its own, may not have enough fat to regulate its temperature, possible genetic atypicality linked to the disorder
What are the risks associated with a newborn who is greater than 10 lbs
Risk of infantile diabetes and/or pituitary gland issues
How does the brain mature during the infancy period
Adapts reflexes, cough/sneeze
What are the body proportions of a newborn
Mostly head and torso, very short legs
What is the Babinski reflex
Stroke the bottom of an infants foot, and their toes should spread out
What is the Moro reflex
Response to a sudden lack of support, arms out and arch back, detected by sense of balance through the inner ear
What is the palmar reflex
The grasping response, will grasp what they feel
What is rooting
If something touches an infants cheek, they will turn their head towards that side (aids in nursing to find the nipple)
At what point should an infant be able to lift their head
1 month
At what point should an infant be able to lift their chest
2 months
At what point should an infant be able to reach with intent and coordination
3 months
At what point should an infant be able to sit without support
4 months
At what point should an infant be able to hold objects and with what grasping styles
5 months-flapper/sock puppet
What point should an infant be able to sit alone
6 months
What point should an infant be able to crawl
7-9 months
At what point should an infant be able to stand with help
8-11 months
What age should an infant be able to walk
12 months
What point should an infant be able to hop/do the stairs/walk backwards
2+ years
What ages does the oral psychosexual phase cover
0-2 years
What are the different aspects of the oral phase
Finding pleasure and comfort through the mouth, may bite nails, smoke, or chew gum without sufficient stimulation
What ages does the anal psychosexual phase cover
2-3 years
What are the different aspects of the anal phase
Control and shame, anxious about making mistakes and may tense up physically—potty training
What psychosocial phase is developed from ages 0-1
Trust vs mistrust
What aspects of trust vs mistrust involve
Meeting an infant’s needs and learning to trust people
What psychosocial phase is developed between 2-3 years
Autonomy vs doubt
What is involved in the autonomy vs doubt phase
Dressing themselves, feeding themselves, independence, helicoptering leads to doubt and micromanaging
Who is responsible for the “cuddle monkey”
Harry Harlow
What did the “cuddle monkey” experiment prove
The monkeys spent more time with the cuddly “monkey” debunking Freud
What are the potential reactions to the “strange situation” when the caregiver leaves the room and returns
Secure—upset with separation and comforted when reunited
Avoidant—indifferent
Anxious—distressed with separation and hostile when reunited
Disorganized—doesn’t show one of the three patterns, may be a red flag (infant doesn’t know what to expect), could indicate abuse or a developmental issue
What aspects develop in the cognitive domain of an infant
Sensorimotor skills and responses
How does an infant explore their environment
Develops cause and effect knowledge—kick crib and mobile moves, will do it again
What ages do infants involuntarily and voluntarily imitate an individual
Less than 4 months and 9-12 months
What age is object permanence developed
6 months
What stage takes place between the ages of 3-6
Early childhood
What stages of morality do those in early childhood have
Pre-conventional stages 1 and 2
What are the pre-conventional stages of morality
Stage 1-“I don’t want to get in trouble”
Stage 2-“I want to get rewarded”
What stages of psychosexual development do those in early childhood experience
Phalic stages
What is the phalic stage
Time of social comparison, penis envy, Oedipus complex?
What aspects of psychosocial development occur in early childhood
Initiative vs guilt
What does initiative vs guilt mean
Can you invite yourself to play or do you feel guilty inviting yourself to play
What stage of cognitive development do those in early childhood experience
Pre-operational stage/conservation
What are the aspects of the pre-operational stage of cognition
Symbolism-number 2 means two things, two fingers
Ego-centrism-thinks everyone can see what they see, if they hide behind their hands then you can’t see them
Centred thinking-can sort by suit or number
What does an individual in early childhood understand about the concept of conservation
Volume-will focus on height
Number-length over quantity (even when they can count)
Length-only look at the ending to see what is longer (if the child reads left-to-right or right-to-left the answer will change)
What ages/grades are classified as late childhood
7-11 and grades 1-5
What stages of morality are developed in late childhood
Conventional stages 3/4
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Flashcard (22)