AP Chemistry: Chemical Reactions

reactants

reactants

chemical species that are converted into products

products

chemical species that are derived from reactants

endothermic

a reaction in which energy is absorbed

exothermic

a reaction in which energy is released

Law of Conservation of Matter

matter is neither created or destroyed

diatomic elements

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, flourine, chlorine, bromine, iodine

electrolyte

solutions that conduct electrical current when dissolved in water

solvation

process in which ions attract polar water molecules and form a bound layer of water molecules around themselves

nonelectrolytes

substances that do not conduct an electrical current when dissolved in water

ionize

substances that form ions in water

molecular equation

an equation in which both products and reactants are written in their unassociated form

ionic equation

an equation in which the soluble reactants and products are written as ions

spectator ions

ions that are not involved in the chemical reaction taking place

net ionic equation

ionic equation in which spectator ions are not written

precipitation reactions

reactions in which a precipitate is formed when two soluble compounds are mixed

precipitate

an insoluble compound

all salts containing acetate and perchlorates are

soluble

all chlorides, bromides, and iodides are

soluble

when are chlorides, bromides, and iodides insoluble?

when they contain Cu+, Ag+, Pb+, and Hg2 2+ ions

all salts containing sulfate are

soluble

when are sulfate salts in soluble

when they contain Pb2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ ions

most carbonates and phosphates are

insoluble

all salts of sodium, potassium, ammonium, and nitrate are

soluble

most sulfides are

insoluble

most hydroxides are

insoluble

most oxides are

insoluble

redox reactions (oxidation-reduction reactions)

reactions in which electrons are exchanged between an active species and a less active species

what are some examples of redox reactions?

combustion, corrosion, respiration, photosynthesis, electrochemical cells

reduction

the gain of electrons

oxidation

the loss of electrons

oxidizing agent

the substance causing oxidation; the reactant being reduced

reducing agent

the substance undergoing oxidation

increases in oxidation numbers are associated with

oxidation

combination reaction

reactions in which two or more reactants combine to form one product

decomposition reactions

reactions in whih a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances

many decomposition reactions are

redox reactions

electrolysis

a process in which an electrical current is used to decompose a compound into its elements

single displacement (replacement) reactions

reactions in which atoms of an element replace the atoms of another element in a compound

all single replacement reactions are

redox reactions

activity series for metals

table listing a metal and its oxidation in order of decreasing ease of oxidation

combustion reactions

redox reactions in which chemical species rapidly combine with oxygen and emit heat and light

hydrocarbons

organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen

combustion of carbon yields

carbon dioixde

combustion of hydrogen yields

water

combustion of hydrocarbons yield

carbon dioixide and water

complex ion

ion composed of a metal ion bonded to two or more ligands

ligand

an ion or molecule bonded to a metal ion via coordinate bonding

coordination number

number of donor atoms that surround a central atom

Lewis acid-base reactions

a reaction when a Lewis base donates electrons to a Lewis acid

Lewis acids

electron-pair acceptors

Bronsted-Lowry acids

proton (H+) donors

Lewis bases

electron-pair donors

Bronsted-Lowry bases

proton (H+) acceptors

coordinate covalent bonds

covalent bonds in which one of the atoms furnishes both electrons for the bond

strong acids or bases do what

dissociate complelety

weak acids or bases do what

partly dissociate

what are examples of strong acids

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HCLO3, HLCO4, H2SO4

what are examples of strong bases

alkali metal hydroxides, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

basic oxides (basic anhydrides)

oxides of metals that react with acids

acidic oxides (acidic anyhydrides)

nonmetal oxides that react with water to form an acidic solution

oxides of metals that have a +1 or 2 charge will react with water to form a ______ solution

basic