psyc 365 exam 3

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, research had already demonstrated the efficacy and effectiveness of digital therapy for many health problems. Which of these was NOT one of their findings?

The advantages of teletherapy are especially pronounced when working with children who have been abused, neglected, or otherwise traumatized.

Data to support the specific factors perspective comes from ______, which investigate treatments that have multiple components with the goal of identifying those techniques that are most strongly associated with treatment benefit.

Dismantling studies

Psychologists are trained in _____, which includes an awareness, knowledge, and skills in addressing what psychologists don't know about their clients due to the unique life experiences that may shape psychologists' own perceptions and assumptions.

Multicultural humility

to reduce potential bias, _______ involves keeping personnel who assess clients in the study unaware of which treatment they are receiving

Blinded assessment

What is NOT a key feature of randomized controlled trials?

Carefully selected and heterogeneous client groups.

Effectiveness studies emphasize _______, which is the ability to generalize study findings to people and settings outside the study.

External validity

A rival explanation for improvement is psychological treatment is ______, meaning that clients invest a great deal of time, energy, effort, and money in treatment, and may feel a psychological need to justify this commitment and report improvement to their therapist.

Effort justification

Which of these is TRUE?

1. The case study was adopted as the gold standard study design because it optimizes external validity.

2. A client with social anxiety might shy away from giving any negative feedback and thus report doing well even when there's been little change.

3. Efficacy refers to a treatment's practical application in a "real-world" clinical situation.

2 only

Which of these is TRUE?

1. Common factors are indicators of client functioning following treatment that are used to gauge the treatment effectiveness.

2. A psychologist is an individual without advanced education is psychology who has been trained to assist professional mental health workers.

3. A meta-analysis is a method of research in which one compiles all studies relevant to a topic or question and combines the results statistically.

3 only

Which of these describes the dialectical approach?

Focuses on developing skills for coping with stress, regulating strong emotions, and improving relationships with others

Which of these describes the advantages of random assignment to treatment or control groups?

Clients have an equal chance of being in any of the study conditions, which eliminates bias and improves generalizability of the results to the larger population

Which of these describes the advantages of blinded assessment?

To reduce potential bias, personnel who assess clients in the study are kept unaware of which treatment they are receiving

Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) program incorporates pre- and posttreatment assessment so that the treatment effects can be measured. This program has transformed psychological treatment in _______

England

A ______ is an individual without advanced education in psychology who has been trained to assist professional mental health workers.

Paraprofessional

______ treatment is presented and described in a standardized format (i.e., outlining the rationales, goals, and techniques that correspond to each phase of the treatment).

Manual-driven

You are examining how cognitive-behavioral therapy works outside of the research study. You are seeking to examine treatment _______.

effectiveness

The ________ was adopted as the gold standard study design because it optimizes ________ validity.

Randomized controlled trial; internal

The goal of dissemination science is to bridge the gap between ________ interventions and their use in ________.

Evidence-based; clinical practice

What approach focuses on gaining insight into unconscious psychological forces thought to underlie target problems?

Psychodynamic

Evidence-based treatment refers to interventions or techniques that demonstrate _______ effects in clients.

Beneficial

The _____ perspective holds that theories and procedures particular to a given approach to treatment are necessary for psychological or behavioral change.

specific factors

The ability to generalize study findings to people and/or settings outside of the study is known as _______

External validity

It is valuable for psychologists to have an awareness of their own cultural values and expectations regarding _______, as this will facilitate understanding of what this process is like for clients from diverse backgrounds.

Help-seeking

To treat depression, ______ increases engagement with pleasurable activities and thereby improves one's mood.

Behavioral activation

A psychologist has finished a case formulation. Next, they will develop a _______ and provide the client with the rationale for the approach.

Treatment plan

Case formulation is _______ meaning it is grounded in research-based psychological theories

Principle-driven

_______ brings together clinical and basic sciences to identify aspects of mental illness that span executive functioning, perception, and emotion.

RDoC

______ is the view that those with psychiatric disorders are intrinsically different from everyone else.

Essentialism

Conceptualizing cognitive experience as one of degree, rather than kind, is consistent with a(n) ________ conceptualization of psychopathology.

Dimensional

What is malingering?

Consciously faking a disorder in order to attain a lesser charge when they really do not have a mental disorder

the DSM-5-TR implies that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can be signs and symptoms of mental illness regardless of ______ and _______.

Sociocultural context; how they are interpreted by the clinician

In the DSM-5 Field Trials, which diagnosis had the highest interrater reliability?

Autism

An example of the reliability issues with the DSM-5-TR is ________.

Psychologist A and Psychologist B observe the same client but do not agree on the diagnosis

the DSM-5-TR proposed an alternative model for diagnosis of _________

Personality disorders

Which of these is NOT a diagnostic criterion for social anxiety disorder?

The fear or avoidance behavior has persisted for 12 months or more.

the DSM-5-TR groups disorders based on diagnostic criteria that refer to the presence of ________ and __________.

Signs; symptoms

Compared to the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), the DSM-5-TR ________

Categorizes individuals as either having a disorder or not.

Which of these is TRUE?

1. The process of treatment planning involves designing an intervention based on the case formulation, informing the client of the process and rationale for treatment, and choosing strategies for assessing progress.

2. The use of signs and symptoms to identify psychiatric disorders because there are no definitive causes or objective tests for these disorders is called case formulation.

3. Backlash against the DSM-5 by some researchers led to the development of the RDoC as an alternative way of conceptualizing mental illness.

1 and 3

Which of these is TRUE?

1. Because the terms "normal" and "abnormal" elude clear definition, are disparaging, and overlook the diversity in human experience and culture that provides a context for psychological distress and dysfunction, clinical psychologists have abandoned them when referring to behavior, cognition, emotion, and people.

2. An empirically supported factor that maintains the problematic behavior, cognitions, and emotions of a client is known as a precipitant.

3. Case formulation is defined as a hypothesis about the particular psychological mechanisms, grounded in research-based theories, that give rise to and maintain an individual's psychological distress and dysfunction.

1 and 3

For a client with a phobia of heights, and example of a precipitant might be ________

Having a job interview on the 40th floor of a building

During ________, if medication is recommended, the psychologist provides a referral to a psychiatrist.

Treatment planning

An empirically supported factor that maintains the problematic behavior, cognitions, and emotions of a client is known as a ___________.

Mechanisms

Which of these are reasons that the terms "normal" and "abnormal" have been abandoned as terms used by clinical psychologists?

-These terms elude clear definition
-The terms are disparaging
-The terms overlook diversity in human experience

A mental disorder is a syndrome that causes _______ in cognition or behavior and ___________ in important activities, such as social or occupational activities.

Disturbances; distress

The first element of a case formulation involves the psychologist and the client making a record of 5-8 symptoms that are obtained during the clinical interview referred to as _______.

A problem list

________ is an intervention that is recommended for individuals with OCD, wherein they are asked to repeatedly confront feared situations and intrusive thoughts while resisting the urges to perform compulsive rituals.

Exposure therapy and response prevention

Gathering a thorough background from clients regarding social and family history is helpful in generating hypotheses about the ______ that may have led to development of psychological symptoms.

Predisposing factors

RDoC is a research framework for study of ________.

Psychological distress and dysfunction

______ is important because it leads psychologists to the treatment modality that would likely by most effective.

Diagnosis

________ is defined as a hypothesis about the particular psychological mechanisms, grounded in research-based theories, that give rise to and maintain an individual's psychological distress and dysfunction.

Case formulation

Behavioral genetics

evaluates both genetic and environmental influences on the development of behavior.

Chronological age

What we commonly refer to as age; years of life.

Concordance rate (or similarity index)

An index of similarity between individuals. The simplest form of concordance rate is the percentage of instances in which two individuals exhibit similar behaviors or characteristics.

Crystallized ability

One of two higher-order factors of intelligence conceived by Cattell.

• intellectual capacities obtained through culture-based learning.

Deviation IQ

Wechsler to address problems observed when applying the ratio IQ to older individuals.

• Individual performances on an IQ test are compared to those of their age peers.

Dizygotic (DZ) twins

Fraternal twins, or twins that share about 50% of their genetic material.

Fluid ability

Cattell. Fluid ability refers to a person’s genetically based intellectual capacity, culture-free mental skills.

General intelligence factor (g)

The term introduced by Charles Spearman to describe his concept of a general intelligence.

Index score

Score that corresponds to one of the major ability factors that underlie the WAIS-IV subtest scores (i.e., Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed).

Intelligence

There is no universally accepted definition of intelligence. However, many definitions of intelligence emphasize the ability to think abstractly, the ability to learn, and the ability to adapt to the environment.

Intelligence quotient

Stern in 1938 to address problems with using the difference between chronological age and mental age to represent deviance.

• Typically, a deviation IQ score is used.

Internal consistency

The extent to which the items on a scale correlate with one another.

Interrater reliability

The level of agreement between two or more raters who have evaluated the same individual independently. Agreement can refer to consensus on behaviors, attributes, and so on.

Mental age

Binet as an index of mental performance. - This idea was based on the notion that individuals of a certain age should have mastered certain abilities.

Monozygotic (MZ) twins

Identical twins, or twins that share 100% of their genetic material.

Primary mental abilities

Seven factors of intelligence - Thurstone

• numerical facility, word fluency, verbal comprehension, perceptual speed, special visualization, reasoning, and memory.

Split-half reliability

The extent to which an individual’s scores on one half of a test (e.g., the even-numbered items) are similar to scores on the other half (e.g., the odd-numbered items).

Stanford-Binet Fifth Edition (SB-5)

An intelligence test that measures five general cognitive factors

• (fluid reasoning, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory, and knowledge),

• each of which includes both verbal and nonverbal subtest activities.

Test–retest reliability

The consistency of assessment test scores over time. Generally, we expect individuals to receive similar diagnoses from one administration to the next if the interval between administrations is short.

Theory of multiple intelligences

Gardner

• posits the existence of eight intelligences: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal.

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

An adult intelligence test that is now in its fourth edition. The WAIS-IV is comprised of 15 subtests and yields a Full Scale IQ score, in addition to Index scores for Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fifth Edition (WISC-V)

An intelligence test designed for children between the ages of 6 and 17 years.

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence

An intelligence test divided into two age groups: 2 years, 6 months to 3 years, 11 months; 4 years to 7 years, 7 months. The test is currently in its fourth edition.

Associated feature

Aspect of a psychiatric disorder such as its prevalence, course, prognostic factors, or common co-occurring diagnoses.

Case formulation

A hypothesis about the particular psychological mechanisms, grounded in research-based theories, that give rise to and maintain an individual’s psychological distress and dysfunction.

Cultural syndrome

Signs and symptoms of psychopathology that are restricted to a limited number of cultures.

Descriptive diagnosis

The use of signs and symptoms to identify psychiatric disorders because there are no definitive causes or objective tests for these disorders.

DSM-5-TR

Official diagnostic and classification system for mental disorders.

Essentialism

The view that those with psychiatric disorders are intrinsically different from everyone else.

Mechanism

Empirically supported factor that maintains the problematic behavior, cognitions, and emotions of a client.

Mental disorder

According to the DSM-5-TR, a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. Usually associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities.

Precipitant

Factor that triggers or worsens the client’s problems.

Predisposing factor

Factor that makes the client more susceptible to developing problems.

Problem list

First step in a case formulation. The psychologist and client develop a list of presenting problems; the list is usually kept to five to eight items and is often developed using data from a clinical interview.

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

promote research integrating genetics, neuroscience, and behavioral science leading eventually to an objective diagnostic system of “biotypes” that align with effective (mainly biologically based) treatments.

Sign

Outwardly observable phenomenon.

Symptom

Subjective experience reported by the client.

Treatment planning

Process of using a case formulation to guide the selection of an intervention.

Common factors

A set of features that characterize many therapy orientations and that may be the source of the positive changes effected by psychological treatment.

Control group

In psychotherapy research, the group that does not receive the treatment under investigation.

Dismantling study

Investigates treatment that has multiple components with the goal of identifying those techniques that are most strongly associated with treatment benefit.

Effectiveness

Refers to how well an intervention performs outside of the research setting. A treatment is considered effective to the extent that clients report clinically significant benefit from the treatment.

Efficacy

Refers to how well a treatment performs in research studies. A treatment is considered efficacious to the extent that the average person receiving the treatment in clinical trials is demonstrated to be significantly less dysfunctional than the average person not receiving any treatment (e.g., those on a waiting list for treatment).

Empirically supported treatment (EST)

Treatment for various psychological conditions that has been shown through careful empirical study to be either “well established” or “probably efficacious.” A list of ESTs is updated and published periodically by the APA’s Division of Clinical Psychology.

Evidence-based practice (EBP)

Treatments informed by a number of sources, including scientific evidence about the intervention, clinical expertise, and client needs and preferences.

Evidence-based treatment (EBT)

An intervention or technique that has produced significant change in clients in controlled trials.

External validity

The ability to generalize study findings to people and settings outside the study; stronger in effectiveness studies.

Internal validity

In the context of psychotherapy research, the ability to draw strong cause and effect conclusions about the relationship between treatment and outcome; stronger in efficacy studies (RCTs).

Manualized treatment

Psychotherapeutic treatment that is presented and described in a standardized, manual format (i.e., outlining the rationales, goals, and techniques that correspond to each phase of the treatment).