INSY 2303 Exam 3 Karen Scott

Critical Path

In a PERT chart, the sequence of task that takes the shortest amount of time to complete

Colocation Center

Where several corporations lease space and equipment in a facility designed to hold and protect computer systems and data

Data Center

Is a specialized facility designed to hold and protect computer systems and data

Application Development Tool

Software that can be assembled into the application software for an information system, contains many of the ingredients necessary for quickly and easily developing the model for an information system

SDLC

Software Development Life Cycle

1. Planning

2. analysis

3. design

4. implementation

5. maintenance

order of SDLC phases

planning phase (Purpose )

To create a project development plan

planning phase (Main activities)

Assembling the project team, justifying the project, choosing a development methodology, developing a project schedule, producing a project development plan

analysis phase (Purpose )

To produce a list of requirements for a new or revised informations system

the analysis phase (Main activities)

Studying the current system, determining system requirements, writing a requirements report

Design Phase (Purpose )

To decide how to build a system to fulfill the needs determined in analysis/planning phase

design phase (Main activities)

Design the user interface, system interfaces, network, databases

development stage (Purpose )

Where the developers code and build the application according to design documents

Purpose of implementation stage

Initiated after the system has been tested and accepted by the user to deploy and enable operations of the new information system in the production environment

maintenance phase (Purpose )

Occurs after the product is in full operation, includes software upgrades, repairs, and fixes the software if it breaks

Feature Creep

An undesirable occurrence during informations systems development when users, customers, or designers attempt to add features after the final specifications have been approved

JAD - Joint application design

based on the idea that the best informations systems are designed when end users and systems analysts work together on the project as equal partners

BI - Business intelligence

an integrated set of technologies and procedures used to collect and analyze data pertaining to sales, production, and other internal operations of a business in order to make better business decisions

Object-Oriented Methodology

An approach to system development that regard the elements of a system as a collection of objects that interact with each other to accomplish tasks

UML

Unified modeling language

· Class Diagram

· Use Case Diagram

· Sequence Diagram

UML includes

Class Diagram

Provides the name of each Brecht, a list of each object's attributes, a list of methods, and an indication of the associations between the objects.

Use Case Diagram

Documents the users of an informations system and the functions they perform. The people who use this system are called actors, any task they perform is called a use case.

Sequence Diagram

Depicts the detailed sequence of interactions that take place for a use case. Such as searching, selecting, or adding.

Arrow

Symbolizes data flow in a class diagram

success factors

System requirements, the criteria for successfully solving problems identified in an information system, they also serve as an evaluation checklist at the end of the project

System Conversion

refers to the process of deactivating an old information system and activating a new one

AKA "cutover" or "to go live"

Unit Testing

As each application module is completed, it undergoes __________ to ensure that it operates reliably and correctly

Integration Testing

______________ is performed to ensure that the modules operate together correctly

System Testing

ensures that all the hardware and software components work together

MRP - material requirements planning

-a production planning and inventory control system used to manage manufacturing processes

- calculates material acquisition plans needed to meet production plans and customer demand.

-ensure materials are available for production and products are available for delivery to customers

Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

graphically illustrates how data moves through an information system

Process

A routine that changes data by performing a calculation in a class diagram

Gantt Chart

Shows the duration of development tasks as they occur overtime

WBS -Work breakdown structure

breaks a complete task into a series of sub tasks

PERT - Program Evaluation and Review Technique

used to analyzing the time needed to complete each project task

JIT - Just in time

a manufacturing system in which the parts are needed to construct a product are received at the assembly site only as needed

Horizontal Market

Any computer program that can be used by many different kinds of businesses (like an accounting program)

payroll, inventory monitoring, income and expenses tracking

Example of horizontal market software

Vertical Market

a software application designed to meet the needs of a specific market segment or industry,

such as medical record keeping software for use in hospitals.

example of vertical market software

vertical

horizontal

+______ market is More specific than a _______ market

Turnkey system

Hardware and application software designed to offer a complete information system solution. These solutions may be designed for in-house installation or as a cloud-based system.

E-Commerce

Refers to business transactions that are conducted electronically over a computer network

· B2C

· C2C

· B2G

· B2B

E-Commerce types

B2C

Business to consumer, the process in which businesses sell to consumers

C2C

Consumer to consumer, the process in which consumers sell to other consumers

B2B

Business to business, the process of selling merchandise or services from one business to another

B2G

Business to government, an exchange of products, services, or information between businesses and governments

Amazon & Zappos

B2C online store front example:

eBay and Etsy

C2C online store front example:

Expert System

Computerized advisory programs that imitate the reasoning processes of experts in solving difficult problems and give solution to the given question

ERP - Enterprise resource planning

a suite of software modules that integrate major business activities. All combine into ERP Central Database

knowledge-based system

expert system aka

· Knowledge Base

· Inference Engine

· Knowledge Engineering

Expert System:

Knowledge base

Stored in a computer file and can be manipulated,

_____________ holds the facts and rules for an expert system

Inference Engine

The knowledge base can be manipulated using an _____________________ , this is software that can analyze a knowledge base or expert system

fuzzy logic

a technique used by an expert system to deal with imprecise data by incorporating the probability that the input information is correct.

Uses confidence level to determine something allowing for multiple possible truth values to be processed through the same variable.

Knowledge engineering

The process of designing, entering, and testing the rules in an expert system

TPS vs. DSS

TPS: Provides a way to collect, store, process, display, modify, or cancel transactions

DSS:

helps people make decisions by directly manipulating data from external sources, generations statistical projection, and creating data models of various scenarios

TPS - Transaction processing system

Provides a way to collect, store, process, display, modify, or cancel transactions

Structure

TPS is Structure or Non-structure?

DSS - Decision Support System,

helps people make decisions by directly manipulating data from external sources, generations statistical projection, and creating data models of various scenarios

OLTP vs Batch Processing

OLTP:

a transaction is processed in real time as it is entered.

Batch processing:

A processing system that involves holding a group of transactions for processing until the end of a specified period of time.

OLTP - Online transaction processing

a transaction is processed in real time as it is entered.

Batch Processing

A processing system that involves holding a group of transactions for processing until the end of a specified period of time.

OLTP rather than batch processing

most modern transaction processing systems use ______ rather than batch processing.

1. summary report

2. exception report

Managers depend on reports produced by an MIS to make routine business decisions based on 2 reports:

Summary report

combines, groups, or totals data. Useful in tactical and strategic planning, useful for annual sales

Exception Report

contains information that is outside of normal or acceptable ranges

Ad Hoc Report

responds to unplanned requests for non-routine information needs, custom reports

CHAP 10

Database/ Database Models

collection of information

1. Hierarchical

2. Network

3. Relational

4. O-O

Types of Database Models

Hierarchical database model

a database model in which record types are arranged as a hierarchy or tree, of child nodes that can have only one parent node. Allows one to one or one to many relationships

Network Database Model

type of database where multiple records or files can be linked to multiple owner files and vice versa (upside down- each member information is the branch linked to the owner at the bottom of the tree)

Relationship Database Model

an association between data that's stored in different record types

stores data in a collection of related tables, each table is a sequence of records, similar to a flat file, all the records in a table are of the same record type, each row of a table is a record and each column is equal to a field. Relationships are specified by joining common data stored in records from different tables

O-O (Database Model)

database which is organized around objects rather than actions, and data rather than logic

DBMS - database management system

software that manages data stored in a database, such as Microsoft Access, works with many kinds of data

Data Independence

separating the data from the programs that manipulate it, supported by modern database tools

Data Redundancy

the amount of data that is duplicated in a database

Normalization

a process that helps database designers create a database structure that minimizes storage space and increases processing efficiency

Operational Database vs. Data Warehouse

Operational database

is used to collect, modify, and maintain data on a daily basis

Data warehouse

a collection of information organized for analysis. _______________________ can combine operational databases with data from other databases. It is a repository for data from more than one database.

Big Data

refers to huge collections of data that are difficult to process, analyze, and manage using conventional database tools

Hadoop

is a file system developed in 2005, that handles millions of files distributed across multiple server nodes, deployed by many of the world's biggest web sites.

MapReduce

a second NoSQL technology that efficiently accesses the dataset (used by Hadoop), _________________ sends the processing logic to the data and only returns the result.

Data Mining

refers to computer algorithms that analyze information to discover previously unknown and potentially useful information, including relationships and patterns, the data accessed by data mining and other analysis techniques is often stored in the data warehouse. Can reveal relationships that may not be anticipated or expected.

Distributed Database

a database that consists of two or more files located in different sites either on the same network or on an entirely different network, portions of the database are stored in multiple physical locations and processing is distributed among multiple database nodes

Cardinality

refers to the number of associations that can exist between two record types for example, many albums can be rap, but the reverse is not true

Relationship

the association data that's sorted in different record types

ERD -entity relationship diagram,

the relationship between record types are depicted graphically with this

SQL Commands

Processed by the DMBS and are issued using computer program big languages designed for databases, also called query languages

· CREATE

· INSERT

· UPDATE

· DELETE

· JOIN

· SELECT

SQL/SQL Commands:

CREATE

create a database or table

INSERT

add a record

UPDATE

change data in a field

DELETE

remove a record from a table

JOIN

use the data from two tables