Kinesiology Exam 1

kinesiology

the study of movement through the application of anatomy, physiology, physics, and mechanics

biomechanics

when applying the more general term mechanics (the study of forces exerted on an object) to the study of human movement

kinematics

the branch of mechanics describing the movement of a body, without consideration of the forces or torques producing that movement

kinetics

the branch of mechanics describing how forces and torques affect the body

osetokinematics

the movement of bones in space about a joint axis

arthrokinematics

the movement of bone surfaces during joint movement

anatomical position

standing, arms at side, palms face forward, legs shoulder width apart, facing forward

flexion

bending

extension

lengthening the limb

palmer flexion

bending at the wrist

hyper-extension

extending body part past ROM

medial (internal rotation)

moving limb towards the midline

lateral (external) rotation

moving limb away from the midline

dorsiflexion

pointing toes superiorly towards shins or moving fingertips upwards towards forearms

plantarflexion

pointing toes into the ground

abduction

moving away from the midline

adduction

moving towards the midline

inversion

pointing distal part towards midline

eversion

pointing distal part away from midline

ulnar deviation (flexion)

bending at wrist pinky side

radial deviation (flexion)

bending at wrist thumb side

horizontal abduction

moving limb away from midline horizontally

horizontal adduction

moving limb towards midline horizontally

lateral bending

flexion up and down, moving fingertips down legs

circumduction

moving in a circle all ways

pronation

moving thumb towards midline

supination

moving thumb away from midline

prone

laying on the ground on your stomach

supine

laying on the ground on your back

protraction

pushing forward, like a punch

retraction

pulling backwards

depression

moving scapula down

elevation

moving scapula up

anterior

front of body

posterior

back of body

bilateral

two sides evenly

contralateral

opposite upper and lower limb movement

deep

below skin surface

superficial

near skin surface

proximal

limb closer to trunk

distal

limb further from trunk

inferior

below

superior

above

medial

middle

lateral

outside

sagittal plane

passes through the body vertically from anterior to posterior

frontal plane

passes through the body vertically from side to side

horizontal plane

passes through the body horizontally and divided the body into superior and inferior portions

sagittal axis

a line that passes through a joint from anterior to posterior

frontal axis

a line that passes through a joint from side to side

vertical axis

a line that passes through a joint from superior to inferior

sagittal plane and frontal axis

flexion and extension occur in what plane and axis?

frontal plane and sagittal axis

abduction and adduction occur in what plane and axis?

horizontal plane and vertical axis

rotation occurs in what plane and axis?

closed kinetic chain

distal segment is fixed and proximal segment(s) is free to move (ex: arising from sitting in a chair to a standing position)

open kinetic chain

distal segment is not fixed and proximal segment is fixed (ex: knee extension when sitting)

degrees of freedom

refers to the number of planes within which a joint can move

uniaxial joint

motion in one plane about one axis - one degree of freedom (ex: elbow)

biaxial joint

motion in two planes about two axes - two degrees of freedom (ex: shoulder)

support and shapes body, assists in movement, structures for muscle attachment, protect organs, and storage of minerals

function of the skeleton

axial skeleton

central part of the body (bones of the head, neck, thorax, trunk)

appendicular skeleton

attached to the axial skeleton (bones of the extremities)

80 bones

how many bones are in the axial skeleton?

126 bones

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

compact bone

hard, dense outer layer of all bone (opaque upon x-ray)

cancellous bone

less dense, porous, or spongy (less opaque upon x-ray)

epiphyseal plate

a cartilaginous material in growing bone

epiphysis

area at the end of long bones

diaphysis

main shaft of bone

metaphysis

flared part of bone

osteoclasts

type of bone cell primarily responsible for bone resorption

osteoblasts

type of bone cell primarily responsible for formation of bone

condyle

rounded knuckle-like projection

eminence

projecting, prominent part

facet

flat or shallow articular surface

head

rounded articular projection

crest

sharp ridge or border

epicondyle

prominence above or below a condyle

spine

thin projection

tubercle

small rounded projection

tuberosity

large rounded projection

trochanter

large prominence

radius and femur

examples of long bones

carpals and tarsals

examples of short bones

scapula and ribs

examples of flat bones

synarthrosis and diarthrosis

what are the two types of joints?

synarthrosis joint

type of joint specializing in: stability-fibrous, cartilaginous, gomphosis

diarthrosis (synovial) joint

type of joint specializing in: mobility

non-axial

slight gliding motion (ex; carpals)

uniaxial (hinge)

one plane of motion about one axis and one degree of freedom (ex: humerus and ulna)

uniaxial (pivot)

one plane of motion about one axis and one degree of freedom (ex: forearm)

biaxial (saddle)

two planes of motion about two axes and two degrees of freedom (carpometacarpal joint of thumb)

triaxial (ball and socket)

three planes of motion about three axes and three degrees of freedom

ligaments

connect bone to bone

bursa

produces synovial fluid

ends of bones (synovial joints)

where is hyaline cartilage found?

menisci, labrum, disks

where is fibrocartilage found?

ear and larynx

where is elastic cartilage found?

tendons

connect muscle to bone

upper motor neurons

located in the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and cerebellum